111、大喜劇家們認(rèn)為真理需要各種啟示，因此他們開始強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)活動(dòng)中的各種矛盾，而不是掩飾或者通過非社會(huì)象征的神圣結(jié)局和喜劇目的、自然規(guī)律來超越它。

112. The hydrologic (水文的) cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.

112、水文地質(zhì)循環(huán)是這一科學(xué)里面的一個(gè)重要課題，它是水的完全循環(huán)過程。這一過程從水蒸汽開始中，以降水量的形式成為液態(tài)或者固態(tài)水，這樣就到了地表，最后又通過蒸發(fā)或者散發(fā)方式回到水蒸汽的狀態(tài)。

113. My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.

113、我認(rèn)為它的關(guān)鍵意識(shí)——它對(duì)于階級(jí)和性的深遠(yuǎn)理解對(duì)人們的生活有著重要影響——很大程度上歸功于文化遺產(chǎn)，總的來說，當(dāng)代的文藝批評(píng)家并未對(duì)此給予足夠評(píng)價(jià)。

114. In the early 1950's historians who studies preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.

114、早在20世紀(jì)50年代，許多研究前工業(yè)時(shí)代歐洲（我們可將其粗略定義為1300年至1800年間的歐洲）的歷史學(xué)家們開始研究更多的歐洲人群，而不僅僅局在只占人口總數(shù)2％到3％的那些至今還充斥著歷史書籍的政治、社會(huì)、精英人物：國(guó)王、將軍、法官、貴族主教和地方要人。

115. The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian discontent (不滿) that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated (加速) by the closing of the internal frontier—that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

115、歷史學(xué)家Frederick J Tuner在19世紀(jì)90年代寫道：自1870年以來美國(guó)農(nóng)民的不滿一直在緩慢增長(zhǎng)，直到1870年關(guān)閉了內(nèi)部前沿以后就被加速了——就是說，用于擴(kuò)張農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)的新土地資源已經(jīng)枯竭了。