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Coffee is a source of inflammation-fighting antioxidants. Now a new study suggests that adding a dash of milk that contains protein can boost the health benefits of your cup of coffee.
咖啡含有抗炎抗氧化劑。現在，一項新研究表明，添加少量富含蛋白質的牛奶可以增加喝咖啡的健康益處。
Researchers from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark examined how antioxidants called polyphenols interacted with amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, and found that combining them has twice the effect on fighting cellular inflammation as polyphenols alone.
丹麥哥本哈根大學的研究人員研究了抗氧化的多酚如何與氨基酸(蛋白質的組成部分)相互作用，發現將它們結合使用對抗細胞炎癥的效果是單獨使用多酚的兩倍。
Polyphenols can be found in many foods, including coffee and tea, fruits and vegetables, red wine, and beer. Like other antioxidants, past studies suggest some polyphenols can prevent and slow the oxidation of healthy chemicals and protect our bodies from disease.
咖啡、茶、水果、蔬菜、紅酒、啤酒等許多食物中都含有多酚。與其他抗氧化劑一樣，研究表明，一些多酚可以防止和減緩有益化合物的氧化，保護身體免受疾病的侵害。
They are thought to do this in part by controlling inflammation, a complex immune response involving cells called macrophages that release several inflammatory mediators. Inflammation helps protect against infection, but if it isn't controlled properly, it can lead to diseases like type II diabetes, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's.
多酚通過抑制炎癥實現部分抗氧化作用，炎癥是一種復雜的免疫反應，是巨噬細胞釋放多種炎癥介質引起的。炎癥有助于防止感染，但如果控制不當，可能會導致 II 型糖尿病、阿爾茨海默病和帕金森病等疾病。
Caffeic acid (CA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) are polyphenols that are well known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but the authors wanted to find out if reactions that these polyphenols have with other chemicals can further affect immune regulation.
咖啡酸 (CA) 和綠原酸 (CGA) 是公認的多酚類物質，具有抗氧化和抗炎作用。研究人員希望弄清這些多酚類物質與其他化合物的反應是否會進一步影響免疫調節。
Adducts are products that are made when two or more molecules come together. In this case, the amino acid cysteine (Cys) – found in milk products – was combined with the polyphenols CA and CGA – found in coffee – to make the adducts CA–Cys and CGA–Cys.
加合物是當兩個或多個分子聚集在一起時產生的產物。在這種情況下，奶制品中的氨基酸半胱氨酸（Cys）與咖啡中的CA和CGA結合，形成加合物 CA–Cys 和 CGA–Cys。
To support this research, the authors successfully showed in another new study that polyphenols bind to proteins in a coffee drink with milk.
為了支持這項研究，研究人員在另一項研究中成功證明，多酚類物質與加奶咖啡中的蛋白質結合形成加合物。
"Our result demonstrates that the reaction between polyphenols and proteins also happens in some of the coffee drinks with milk that we studied. In fact, the reaction happens so quickly that it has been difficult to avoid in any of the foods that we've studied so far," says food scientist and co-author on both studies, Marianne Nissen Lund.
這兩項研究的共同作者、食品科學家瑪麗安·尼森·隆德稱：“我們的研究結果表明，多酚和蛋白質之間的反應也發生在我們研究的一些含牛奶的咖啡飲品中。事實上，這種反應發生得非常迅速，我們研究的對象都發生了這種反應。”
In this study, the researchers used RNA-sequencing to study the immune-regulating effects of CA–Cys and CGA–Cys in macrophage cells subjected to artificial inflammation.
在這項研究中，研究人員使用 RNA 測序來分析 CA–Cys 和 CGA–Cys 在有炎癥的巨噬細胞中的免疫調節作用。
They also tested the effects of CA and CGA alone and compared them to a control group of macrophages not exposed to the polyphenols or the Cys adducts.
他們還單獨測試了 CA 和 CGA 的作用，并將它們與未暴露于多酚或 Cys 加合物的巨噬細胞對照組進行了比較。
As they expected, the polyphenols CA and CGA inhibited inflammatory responses, in particular the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
正如預期那樣，多酚 CA 和 CGA 抑制了炎癥反應，特別是活性氧 (ROS)、前列腺素 E2 (PGE2) 以及細胞因子白細胞介素 6 和腫瘤壞死因子 (TNF) 的產生。
But when polyphenols CA and CGA were combined with amino acid cysteines found in milk proteins, their anti-inflammatory effects received a boost.
但當CA和CGA與牛奶蛋白中的半胱氨酸結合時，它們的抗炎作用得到了強化。
Macrophage cells exposed to polyphenols on their own, for instance, showed more than 2.5 times as much TNF activity as they did in the face of a polyphenols-cysteine adduct.
例如，暴露于多酚中的巨噬細胞表現出的 TNF 活性是其暴露于多酚-半胱氨酸加合物時的 2.5 倍以上。
The only exception was ROS, which inexplicably increased in the macrophage when the polyphenol-amino acid combo was present compared to when the polyphenol was on its own.
唯一的例外是活性氧，當多酚-氨基酸加合物存在時，與多酚單獨存在時相比，巨噬細胞中活性氧莫名增加。
"It is interesting to have now observed the anti-inflammatory effect in cell experiments. So, the next step will be to study the effects in animals," says immunologist and senior author Andrew Williams.
免疫學家和資深作者安德魯·威廉姆斯表示：“現在在細胞實驗中觀察到抗炎作用很有趣。因此，下一步我們將進行動物實驗。”
Further research is needed to figure out why and what these results mean practically for human health. This study only examined how a single type of immune mediator reacts to coffee-like chemicals in a laboratory setting.
需要進一步的研究來弄清楚這些結果對人類健康的實際意義和效果。這項研究僅驗證了一種類型的免疫介質在實驗室環境中如何對咖啡類化學物質產生反應。
"Our results can be used as an important reference in applications of adducts formed from phenolic compounds and amino acids in future functional food or medicinal products that aim to modulate metabolic, neurological, or immune-related diseases," the researchers conclude in their paper.
研究人員在論文中總結道：“我們的研究結果可以作為未來功能性食品或藥品中酚類化合物和氨基酸形成的加合物應用的重要參考，這些產品可用于調節代謝、神經或免疫相關疾病。”
The research has been published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
這項研究發表在《農業與食品化學雜志》上。
來源：Science Alert
編輯：董靜
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