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Law of Supply & Demand: This is the founding block of economics. Whenever supply of something increases its price decreases and whenever supply decreases price increases. Thus, when you have excess production of corn, food prices decrease and vice versa. Think of this intuitively. You will find its applications in 1000s of places.
供求規(guī)律：這是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基石。物品供給增長則價格下跌，供應(yīng)減少則價格上漲。因而谷物產(chǎn)量過剩，食物價格則下降；反之亦然。憑直覺判斷，你會發(fā)覺這條定律適應(yīng)于千千萬萬個地方。
Growth rate: The growth of an economy is commonly measured in terms of GDP growth rate. Since GDP is a measure of national income, this growth rate is a rough proxy for how an average person's income grows every year.
增長率：經(jīng)濟(jì)體的增長一般是依據(jù)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長率來衡量的。國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值衡量國家的收入，所以增長率可以粗略衡量平均每人每年收入增長多少。
Inflation: You already know that the price of most products now are higher than in your grandfather's time. Inflation (measured in percent) is measure of how much a bunch of products have increased in price from last year. In mature economies, annual inflation is around 2% - that means on an average the prices of stuff goes up by 2% every year. The fundamental role of central banks is to manage this rate and keep it to a low positive number.
通貨膨脹：你知道現(xiàn)在大部分產(chǎn)品的價格比你祖父那時要高得多。通貨膨脹（以百分比計）衡量自上一年起眾多產(chǎn)品價格的漲幅。成熟的經(jīng)濟(jì)體每年的通貨膨脹率約為2%——即物品價格平均每年上漲2%。中央銀行的基本作用即控制通脹率，確保其增長呈小幅態(tài)勢。
Interest Rates: When you loan money to somebody, you expect something extra in return. This excess is called the interest. Interest rate is a positive number that measures how much excess you will get. In the short term, this rate is usually set by the Central Banks. Right now it is close to zero. In the long term, this is set by the market and is dependent on inflation and the long term prospects of the economy. The mechanisms in which the central banks control the short term rates is called monetary policy.
利率：你借錢給別人時，你便會有額外的期待，這額外的部分就是利息。利率是衡量你額外獲益多少的一個正數(shù)。從短期來看，利率通常是由央行規(guī)定的，現(xiàn)在短期利率接近于0；從長期來看，利率是由市場決定的，取決于通貨膨脹和長遠(yuǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)前景。央行控制短期利率的機(jī)制就叫做貨幣政策。
Interest Rates vs. Inflation vs. growth: There exists almost an inverse relationship between interest rates & growth and interest rates also can affect inflation directly. Thus, when you increase interest rates inflation tend to come down, along with growth. One is good and other is bad. Thus, the constant tension on setting the interest rates. In the US, Federal Reserve sets the short term rates making it one of the most watched economic news.
利率、通貨膨脹和增長：利率和增長呈反相關(guān)，利率也會直接影響通貨膨脹。因此，提高利率時，通貨膨脹會趨向緩和，增長也是如此。一方得勢，另一方就失勢。因此，利率的規(guī)定有恒定的張弛。在美國，美聯(lián)儲制定短期利率是最受關(guān)注的經(jīng)濟(jì)新聞之一。
Fiscal Policy: Government can control the economy in a big way by adjusting its expenditure. The group of mechanisms using expenditure form the fiscal policy. When government spends more it can lead to more demand and that means more price increase. This means both high growth and high inflation. And it works in the reverse too. Thus, governments try to spend more during periods of low growth & low inflation and cut spending during periods of high growth & high inflation.
財政政策：政府能夠通過調(diào)整開支大力控制經(jīng)濟(jì)。花銷機(jī)制形成財政政策。政府支出更多時，則會導(dǎo)致更大需求，即更多價格上漲，這也意味著高增長和高通脹；反之亦然。因此，在低增長和低通脹期間政府就會設(shè)法加大開支，而在高增長和高通脹期間政府就會削減開支。
