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A drop in testosterone levels around 50, 000 years ago led the the development of art and tools, researchers believe.
有研究人員認為，5萬年前人體睪丸素水平的降低促進了人類藝術(shù)和工具領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。
They say the drop, which led to a change in the shape of skulls, coincided with a blossoming in culture.
他們稱，睪丸素的下降改變了人類的頭骨形狀，在此同時文化得到了繁榮發(fā)展。
The two could be linked, as humans developed a more co-operative outlook as levels dropped.
兩者的聯(lián)系在于睪丸素水平的下降讓人類的面孔更利于合作。
Modern humans appear in the fossil record about 200, 000 years ago, but it was only about 50, 000 years ago that making art and advanced tools became widespread.
由化石推斷，現(xiàn)代人類最早出現(xiàn)在大約20萬年以前，但直到5萬年前，人類才開始普遍地進行藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造與制造高級工具。
'The modern human behaviors of technological innovation, making art and rapid cultural exchange probably came at the same time that we developed a more cooperative temperament, ' said lead author Robert Cieri, a biology graduate student at the University of Utah who began this work as a senior at Duke University.
猶他州大學生物學研究生羅伯特·西里在杜克大學年本科四年級的時候就開始了這項研究工作，作為研究論文的主要作者，他說道，“現(xiàn)代人類的科技創(chuàng)新行為、藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造和頻繁的文化交流很可能出現(xiàn)在我們性格更利于合作的同時。”
The study in the journal Current Anthropology, which is based on measurements of more than 1, 400 ancient and modern skulls, makes the argument that human society advanced when people started being nicer to each other, which entails having a little less testosterone in action.
《當代人類學》雜志上發(fā)表的這項研究測量了1400多個古代和現(xiàn)代人頭骨，論證了當人類睪丸素水平下降，變得越來越友善的同時，人類社會也獲得了進步。
Heavy brows were out, rounder heads were in, and those changes can be traced directly to testosterone levels acting on the skeleton, according to Duke anthropologist Steven Churchill, who supervised Cieri's work on a senior honors thesis that grew to become this 24-page journal article three years later.
杜克大學人類學家史蒂文·丘吉爾稱，人類漸漸不再有粗壯的眉骨，頭部變得更加圓潤，這些變化與睪丸素水平直接相關(guān)。丘吉爾為西里的本科畢業(yè)論文導師，西里三年后在自己畢業(yè)論文的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)表了這次長達24頁的論文。
