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Deep divisions over TPP as US pressures to close controversial deal.
美國通過施壓關(guān)閉有爭議的交易在跨太平洋貿(mào)易協(xié)議產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的分歧。
Trade ministers and representatives attend the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Ministerial Meeting in Singapore on December 7, 2013. (AFP Photo / Roslan Rahman)
2013年12月7日貿(mào)易部長和代表出席了在新加坡的跨太平洋伙伴關(guān)系（TPP）部長級(jí)會(huì)議。
The US is ramping up pressure to secure a Trans-Pacific Trade Deal with conditions that could undermine the national interests of nations involved. WikiLeaks documents say talks are “paralyzed,” with the US refusing to compromise on disputed issues.
美國正在加強(qiáng)壓力，以確保一個(gè)可能涉及損害他國國家利益的跨太平洋貿(mào)易協(xié)議通過。維基解密文件稱，因?yàn)槊绹鴮?duì)爭議問題據(jù)不妥協(xié)，造成會(huì)議“無法進(jìn)展”。
Anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks has released two documents revealing the state of negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). The deal in question includes 12 countries – the United States, Japan, Mexico, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Chile, Singapore, Peru, Vietnam, New Zealand and Brunei – which represent more than 40 percent of the world’s gross domestic product.
反保密集團(tuán)維基解密發(fā)布了兩個(gè)文件揭示了跨太平洋伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)議（TPP）談判的狀態(tài)。有問題的交易包括12個(gè)國家 - 美國，日本，墨西哥，加拿大，澳大利亞，馬來西亞，智利，新加坡，秘魯，越南，新西蘭和文萊——占全球國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）的40%。
The 12 nations are in Singapore this week to discuss the trade agreement. Following a closed-door meeting in Singapore, Japan's trade minister Yasutoshi Nishimura told press he would like “the United States to show flexibility.”
上周，這十二個(gè)國家在新加坡討論貿(mào)易協(xié)定，繼在新加坡的一個(gè)閉門會(huì)議后，日本經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)大臣西村泰敏告訴記者，他希望“美國表現(xiàn)出靈活性?！?/div>
"I've already mentioned the parts we can't budge on, so the issue is what both sides can do based on that,” Nishimura said.
“我已經(jīng)提過我們不能讓步的部分，所以在此基礎(chǔ)上雙方可就此事討論?！蔽鞔逭f。
Details of the deal had been hidden from the public eye until last month when WikiLeaks divulged a trove of information describing the ins and outs of the agreement. Washington has been criticized for not revealing the details of the agreement.
該交易的詳情本已經(jīng)逃過了公眾的眼睛，直到上個(gè)月，維基解密泄露出來的協(xié)議文件交代了了此次交易的來龍去脈。華盛頓一直被批評(píng)沒有披露該協(xié)議的細(xì)節(jié)。
WikiLeaks’ files show that there is significant disagreement over 119 outstanding issues, with the US refusing to compromise on a number of contentious issues. It is not clear from which of the 12 countries participating in the talks the leaks came.
維基解密的文件表明，美國在一些爭議性問題上拒絕妥協(xié)，雙方在119項(xiàng)重要事務(wù)上有嚴(yán)重分歧。關(guān)于12國參與討論文件的泄漏來源并不清楚。
“The US is exerting great pressure to close as many issues as possible this week,” reads one of the documents. “One country remarked that up until now there had been no perceivable, substantial movement on the part of the US, and that is the reason for this situation.”
“美國正在不斷施壓，試圖在本周盡可能多地結(jié)束分歧?！币粋€(gè)文件中如此記載。“一個(gè)國家談道，到目前為止美國方面還沒有任何可見的實(shí)質(zhì)性動(dòng)作，這是造成如今狀況的原因。”
The Obama administration has called on all parties involved in the deal to reach an agreement before the end of the year. However, disputes over key issues may lead to “a partial closure scenario or even a failure in December.”
奧巴馬號(hào)召有關(guān)各方在年底前達(dá)成協(xié)議。然而，12月份就關(guān)鍵議題的爭端可能導(dǎo)致“一個(gè)半拉子方案或者談判失敗。”
The deal has been hailed by Washington as a “number one priority” that will boost the economies of all the participating countries. But some of the conditions have sparked criticism that the nations involved in the deal may see their interests undermined.
TPP協(xié)議被華盛頓鼓吹作加速所有參與國經(jīng)濟(jì)的“不二選擇”。但是其中部分條款引發(fā)了損害其他國家利益的批評(píng)。
Among the issues blocking the agreement stipulates new powers for multinationals that would allow them to challenge country laws in privately run international courts. Washington has endorsed such powers in previous trade deals such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), but conditions in the TPP could grant multinational more powers to challenge a wider range of laws. Under NAFTA several companies including Dow Chemicals and Exxon Mobil have sought to overrule regulations on fracking, oil drilling and drug patents.
一些阻礙談判的爭議性條款中規(guī)定了跨國公司的新權(quán)力：允許通過商辦國際法庭來挑戰(zhàn)國家法律。華府曾經(jīng)在其他商貿(mào)協(xié)定例如北美自貿(mào)區(qū)談判中推行過這個(gè)權(quán)力，但在TPP條款中跨國公司將被賦予更廣泛的挑戰(zhàn)法律的權(quán)力。在北美自貿(mào)區(qū)協(xié)定中，一些公司如陶氏化學(xué)和?？松梨冢噲D否決關(guān)于水力壓裂法、石油鉆探和藥品專利的管理?xiàng)l例。（譯者注：水力壓裂法是將水或沙等注入巖層以抽取天然氣的方法，主要用于頁巖氣開采，由于大量耗水以及污染地下水等潛在問題目前對(duì)此褒貶不一）
“The United States, as in previous rounds, has shown no flexibility on its proposal, being one of the most significant barriers to closing the chapter,” said a memo from one of the participating countries obtained by the Huffington Post.
赫芬頓郵報(bào)獲得的一個(gè)參與國的備忘錄中如此寫道：“就像之前的幾輪談判一樣，終結(jié)這一分歧部分的最大障礙正是美國在提案中毫不妥協(xié)的態(tài)度?！?/div>
Furthermore, among the rumored conditions in the treaty are new standards that would grant pharmaceutical companies new intellectual property rights. The regulations would extend patents, giving companies monopolies on new medications and potentially pushing up prices in the developing countries participating in the deal.
不僅如此，傳言中其他一些條款包含授予制藥公司知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。條例規(guī)定延長專利期限，賦予制藥公司對(duì)于新藥的壟斷權(quán)，潛在地推高參與TPP的發(fā)展中國家的國內(nèi)藥品價(jià)格。
“If instituted, the TPP’s IP regime would trample over individual rights and free expression, as well as ride roughshod over the intellectual and creative commons,” said WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange in a November statement. “If you read, write, publish, think, listen, dance, sing or invent; if you farm or consume food; if you’re ill now or might one day be ill, the TPP has you in its crosshairs.”
維基解密的創(chuàng)始人阿桑奇在11月的聲明中說：“TTP一旦建立，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度將會(huì)踐踏人權(quán)和言論自由，恣意欺凌有識(shí)之士。”“只要你閱讀、寫作、出版、思考、傾聽、舞蹈、歌唱或者發(fā)明；只要你生產(chǎn)或者消費(fèi)食品；只要你身患疾病或者將會(huì)生病，你就已經(jīng)在TPP的準(zhǔn)心之中了。”
Rights groups have also voiced their opposition to the treaty and slammed reforms that they say would limit freedoms on the web. Organization Open Media have launched a petition against the TPP’s “extreme online censorship” and have already collected over 100,000 signatures.
右翼團(tuán)體也已經(jīng)表達(dá)了他們對(duì)條約的反對(duì)，抨擊在他們看來會(huì)限制網(wǎng)絡(luò)自由的改革。開放媒體發(fā)起了反對(duì)TTP“極端網(wǎng)絡(luò)審查”的請(qǐng)?jiān)?，他們已?jīng)收集到了超過十萬個(gè)簽名。
| 重點(diǎn)單詞 | 查看全部解釋 | |||
| trample | ['træmpl] |
想一想再看 n. 踩踏 v. 踐踏，輕視 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| proposal | [prə'pəuzəl] |
想一想再看 n. 求婚，提議，建議 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| priority | [prai'ɔriti] |
想一想再看 n. 優(yōu)先權(quán)，優(yōu)先順序，優(yōu)先 |
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| revealing | [ri'vi:liŋ] |
想一想再看 adj. 有啟迪作用的，透露內(nèi)情的，袒露身體的 動(dòng)詞re |
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| censorship | ['sensəʃip] |
想一想再看 n. 檢查制度 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| disagreement | [.disə'gri:mənt] |
想一想再看 n. 不合，爭論，不一致 |
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| challenge | ['tʃælindʒ] |
想一想再看 n. 挑戰(zhàn) |
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| overrule | [.əuvə'ru:l] |
想一想再看 v. 駁回，否決，統(tǒng)治 |
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| administration | [əd.mini'streiʃən] |
想一想再看 n. 行政，管理，行政部門 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| potentially | [pə'tenʃəli] |
想一想再看 adv. 潛在地 |
