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The pantheon of science includes individuals who have made enormous contributions to human health -- the likes of Pasteur and Salk. A pedestal in that temple awaits the scientist who solves the following mystery: Why do we eat junk food when we feel unloved?
在科學(xué)的萬神廟里，有一些人為人類的健康做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)，比如巴斯德(Pasteur)和索爾克(Salk)等人。神廟里還有一個位子，正等著那位解決了這樣一個迷題的科學(xué)家：為什么當(dāng)我們感到?jīng)]人愛的時候就會吃垃圾食品？
This isn't a silly question, certainly not during September, which happens to be National Childhood Obesity Awareness Month. There's an epidemic of obesity-related health problems, with adult-onset diabetes leading the way throughout the world. The fact that we eat when we're not actually hungry contributes a lot to this problem.
問這個問題并不愚蠢，至少在9月份時肯定不，因為這個月正好是“全國警惕兒童肥胖月”(National Childhood Obesity Awareness Month)。在世界各地，與肥胖有關(guān)的健康問題都普遍存在，成年型糖尿病尤為突出。而問題背后的一個重要原因，是我們在不餓時吃東西。
So why do we do it? It can be because everyone around us is eating. Or because food ads can be so persuasive. Or because we want to bankrupt a hated party host by eating all his Cheetos.
那我們?yōu)槭裁丛诓火I時吃東西呢？可能是周圍的人都在吃，也可能是食品廣告說服力太強。還有可能是我們不喜歡某場聚會的東道主，想把他的薯片吃光，吃到讓他破產(chǎn)。
One of the best-understood examples of non-nutritive eating is the fact that stress tends to make us eat more. It makes sense psychologically, in that the people most prone to stress eating are those most actively restricting food intake the rest of the time: When the going gets tough and they need to be nice to themselves, this is how they ease up. They prefer to eat fats and carbs. If the boss is a creep, why not run wild on the chocolate-covered walrus blubber?
非營養(yǎng)性進(jìn)食最容易理解的一個例子，是壓力往往導(dǎo)致我們吃得更多。這可以從心理學(xué)角度解釋，最容易在壓力下進(jìn)食的人，就是平時最積極限制進(jìn)食的那些人：當(dāng)處境不順、需要善待自己的時候，進(jìn)食便是他們放松的方式。他們更喜歡攝入脂肪和碳水化合物。如果老板是個混蛋，不如狂吃包巧克力的海象肉吧？
But we can't trace these habits merely to the complexities of the human psyche, because it's not just humans who exhibit them. Stress a lab rat by, let's say, putting an unknown rat in its cage, and it will eat more and show a stronger preference for high-fat/high-carb options than usual.
但我們不能把這些習(xí)慣一股腦兒地歸到人類心理的復(fù)雜性上面，因為表現(xiàn)出這些習(xí)慣的不只是人類。給一只實驗鼠施加壓力（比如在它的籠子里放一只陌生老鼠），它就會吃得更多，并且比平時更加傾向于吃高脂肪、高碳水化合物的東西。
This phenomenon's occurrence in many species makes evolutionary sense. For 99% of animals, stress involves a major burst of energy use as they, say, run for their lives. Afterward, the body stimulates appetite, especially for high-density calories, to rebuild depleted energy stores. But we smart, neurotic humans keep turning the stress-response on for purely psychological reasons, putting our bodies repeatedly into the restocking mode.
這種現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)在很多物種當(dāng)中，這可以從進(jìn)化論角度解釋。對于99%的動物來說，壓力都涉及能量消耗的大幅增加（比如說在逃命的時候）。在這之后，身體刺激食欲、特別是對高熱量的食欲，以重新積累耗盡的能量儲備。但聰明而又神經(jīng)兮兮的人類因為純粹心理上的原因而不斷出現(xiàn)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)，使我們的身體反復(fù)進(jìn)入重新積累能量的模式。
Scientists are beginning to understand how this stress-related junk-food craving works. Stress increases the release of 'endogenous opioids' in some brain regions. These neurotransmitters resemble opiates in their structure and addictive properties (and opiates work by stimulating the receptors that evolved for responding to the brain's opioids). This helps to account for the hugely reinforcing properties of junk food at such times.
科學(xué)家正在開始理解壓力導(dǎo)致垃圾食品渴求的機理。壓力會增加大腦中某些區(qū)域“內(nèi)源性阿片口”的釋放，而這些神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)物質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和成癮屬性類似于阿片口（阿片口是通過刺激受體起作用，這些受體是為了應(yīng)腦部的阿口片進(jìn)化而成）。這有助于理解垃圾食品在壓力時刻的巨大強化屬性。
Stress also activates the 'endocannabinoid' system in the brain. Yes, there's a class of chemicals in the brain that resemble the ingredient in cannabis that famously links pot to getting the munchies. And stress activates another brain chemical called neuropeptide Y that can stimulate the craving for fat and sugar.
壓力還會激活腦中的“內(nèi)源性大麻素”系統(tǒng)。是的，大腦中有一類化學(xué)物質(zhì)就像大麻中所含那種導(dǎo)致吸食后想吃東西的成分一樣。此外，壓力還會激活另一種名叫“神經(jīng)口Y”的大腦化學(xué)物質(zhì)，它可以激發(fā)人對脂肪和糖的欲望。
The most fundamental mechanism to explain this stress effect is that comfort food is, well, comforting. As first demonstrated by Mary Dallman and colleagues at the University of California, San Francisco, working with lab rats, fat and carbs stimulate reward systems in the brain, thereby turning off the body's hormonal stress-response.
這種壓力效應(yīng)背后的最基本機制，在于安慰食物真的讓人感到安慰。瑪麗・多爾曼(Mary Dallman)和加州大學(xué)舊金山分校(University of California, San Francisco)的同事利用實驗鼠首次證明，脂肪和碳水化合物會刺激大腦中的激勵機制，進(jìn)而屏蔽掉身體激素的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。
It may seem unlikely that one type of pleasure works to offset the effects of a very different source of displeasure. Why should fat-laced rat chow lessen angst about a new cage mate? Yet we regularly make much bigger leaps. Burdened with unrequited love? Shopping often helps. Roiled with existential despair? Bach might do the trick. The common currency of reward in the brain makes for all sorts of unlikely ports in a storm.
一種快感抵消另一種來源非常不同的不快感，看起來或許是不太可能。為什么富含脂肪的食物會減輕老鼠對新同伴的緊張感呢？然而我們?nèi)祟惖奶S常常要大得多。飽受單相思之苦？大購物常會有幫助。因懷疑人生而煩惱？聽巴赫或許有用。大腦中的激勵機制就成了“病急”之中亂投的“醫(yī)”。
But despite the varied possibilities of sources of comfort, some exert particularly strong primal pulls -- to the detriment of our health. It is a sign of our evolutionary legacy that, at the end of a stressful day, far fewer of us will seek solace in the poetry of Robert Frost than in a pint of double fudge brownie ice cream.
但是，盡管安慰的來源各種各樣，有些安慰來源用力太猛，從而有害于我們的健康。它體現(xiàn)了一項我們在進(jìn)化過程中的遺留物：在結(jié)束充滿壓力的一天之后，從羅伯特・弗洛斯特(Robert Frost)詩篇里尋求慰藉的人，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于來一斤雙乳脂軟糖巧克力冰激凌的人。
