
The US has gained 387,000 managers and lost almost 2m clerical jobs since 2007, as new technologies replace office workers and plunge the American middle class deeper into crisis.
自2007年以來,美國管理者崗位增加38.7萬個,辦公室職員崗位則減少近200萬個,新技術(shù)取代了辦公室員工,讓美國中產(chǎn)階級陷入更深的危機。
New data from the Bureau of Labour Statistics divide the US workforce into 821 jobs from dishwasher to librarian.
美國勞工統(tǒng)計局(Bureau of Labour Statistics)的最新數(shù)據(jù)將美國勞動力劃分為821種工作,從洗碗工到圖書管理員。
They show rapid structural shifts – on top of a cyclical unemployment rate of 7.7 per cent – that may drive up income inequality.
這些數(shù)據(jù)顯示,快速結(jié)構(gòu)性變化——再加上7.7%的周期失業(yè)率——可能會加劇收入不平等狀況。
The figures help explain why the US median household income has fallen 5.6 per cent since June 2009 to $51,404, even as the economy recovers. The top 10 per cent of American earners, meanwhile, are collecting most all the fruits of the recovery.
這些數(shù)據(jù)有助于解釋,即便在經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇之際,美國家庭收入中值自2009年6月為何仍下滑5.6%,至5.1404萬美元。同時,收入最高的10%美國人正收獲大部分經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的成果。
One likely cause of rising inequality is new computing technologies that destroy some middle-class occupations even as they create jobs for highly-skilled workers who can exploit them.
收入不平等加劇的一個可能原因在于,新的電腦技術(shù)摧毀了一些中產(chǎn)階級崗位,即便它們?yōu)槟軌蚶眠@些技術(shù)的高技能員工創(chuàng)造了就業(yè)。
The number of clerical workers such as book-keepers, tellers, data entry keyers, file clerks and typists has been falling, pointing to structural decline. The number of retail cashiers has dropped, an indication that internet shopping and self-checkout systems may be eroding another occupation.
簿記員、出納員、數(shù)據(jù)錄入員、檔案管理員和打字員等辦公室職員崗位的數(shù)量一直下滑,說明其出現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)性下降。零售收銀員崗位數(shù)量下降,表明互聯(lián)網(wǎng)購物和自助結(jié)賬系統(tǒng)可能正在侵蝕另一項職業(yè)。
Jobs growth came from healthcare, management, computing and food service jobs. The number of personal care aides is up by 390,000 since 2007. Demand for people who figure out how to replace clerical workers – such as operations managers, management analysts and logisticians – grew substantially.
就業(yè)增長來自醫(yī)療、管理、計算機和食品服務(wù)崗位。自2007年以來個人護(hù)理助手的數(shù)量增加了39萬。對于掌握如何代替辦公室職員的人才(例如運營經(jīng)理、管理分析師和物流專員)的需求大幅上升
“We see growth in jobs that require complex, personalised interactions – such as home health aides – and continued declines in routine transaction and production jobs that can be scripted and automated,” said Susan Lund, co-author of a McKinsey Global Institute report on the future of work.
麥肯錫全球研究院(McKinsey Global Institute)一篇有關(guān)工作未來的報告的聯(lián)合作者蘇珊•蘭德(Susan Lund)表示:“我們看到,需要復(fù)雜且個性化互動的工作崗位有所增加,例如家庭健康助理,而可以編程和自動化的常規(guī)交易和生產(chǎn)工作繼續(xù)減少。”
But salaries for many of the fast-growing occupations are lower than those they are replacing. The average wage for a clerical job in 2012 was $34,410 compared with $24,550 in personal care. The average computing wage was $80,180 and $108,570 for managers.
但很多增長迅速的職業(yè)的薪資水平低于被取代的工作崗位。去年,辦公室職員的平均年薪為3.4410萬美元,而個人護(hù)理工作為2.4450萬美元。計算機工作的平均年薪為8.0180萬美元,管理者為10.8570萬美元。
However, Lawrence Mishel, president of the Economic Policy Institute in Washington, noted that even high-skill job growth has slowed in the last decade. “People focus a lot on occupational trends but it’s not clear to me that they are what’s driving wage outcomes. What I think is going on is much bigger . . . employers have the upper hand in every area of work.”
然而,位于華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策研究所(Economic Policy Institute)所長勞倫斯•米舍爾(Lawrence Mishel)指出,過去10年,甚至連高技能工作的增速也有所放緩。“人們大量關(guān)注于職業(yè)趨勢,但我并不清楚,這些趨勢是否在推動薪資結(jié)果。我認(rèn)為,另一個趨勢要重大得多……雇主在每個工作領(lǐng)域都占了上風(fēng)。”
The shift shows how hard it will be for policy makers to halt or reverse the rise in income inequality. Clerical workers still account for 16 per cent of US jobs, and technology is likely to keep on eliminating them.
這一變化表明,政策制定者要阻止或逆轉(zhuǎn)收入不平等狀況加劇將有多么困難。辦公室職員工作仍占美國全部工作崗位的16%,科技可能會繼續(xù)削減這些工作。