日韩色综合-日韩色中色-日韩色在线-日韩色哟哟-国产ts在线视频-国产suv精品一区二区69

手機APP下載

您現在的位置: 首頁 > 英語聽力 > 國外媒體資訊 > 經濟學人 > 經濟學人科技系列 > 正文

經濟學人:性選擇和物種形成(1)

編輯:Vicki ?  可可英語APP下載 |  可可官方微信:ikekenet
  


掃描二維碼進行跟讀打分訓練

Sexual selection and speciation

性選擇和物種形成

Choice and determinism

選擇和決定論

Just four genes separate two species of South American bird

南美兩種鳥類之間只有四種基因的區別

Natural selection, as propounded in Charles Darwin's master work, "On the Origin of Species", explains how organisms evolve and adapt to their circumstances. Paradoxically, though, it is a bit hazy on the actual subject of its title, namely how parent species spin off new, daughter species. Darwin recognised that diverse ecological niches encourage speciation (though he did not use those as-yet-uninvented terms). But he did not ask how incipient daughter species were prevented from remixing before they had properly separated.

“自然選擇”由查爾斯·達爾文在其著作《物種起源》中提出,解釋了生物如何進化并適應環境。然而矛盾的是,它對標題的實際主題——即母物種是如何衍生出新子代物種——有點含糊不清。達爾文認識到不同的生態位促進了物種形成(盡管他沒有使用那些尚未發明的術語),但他并沒有對“如何阻止早期的子物種在它們完全分離之前重新混合”提出疑問。

Somehow, barriers need to be erected against miscegenation. They might be geographical—fish in different lakes, for example. Or they might be ecological, such as a shift in food preferences causing insects formerly of the same species to feed in different types of tree. But sometimes species form in circumstances where no such barriers are apparent. That is puzzling.

無論如何,我們需要建立障礙來反對種族通婚。它們可能是地理上的——例如,不同的湖泊里的魚。或者它們可能是生態的,比如食物偏好的改變導致原來同一物種的昆蟲在不同類型的樹上覓食。但有時物種是在沒有明顯障礙的情況下形成的。這是令人費解的。

QQ截圖20210414111216_副本.png

One established exception to the rule that speciation requires separation is hybridisation. This is a common source of new plant species, but is rarer for animals. It is, though, thought to explain several brightly coloured animal groups, including the cichlid fish of Africa's Great Lakes, the heliconid butterflies of South and Central America, and the southern capuchino seedeaters, a family of songbirds that also live in the New World tropics. Now, Sheela Turbek of the University of Colorado, in Boulder, has taken matters a step further, by showing that a process called sexual selection plays a role in what is going on.

雜交是“物種形成需要分離”這一規則的例外,是新植物物種的常見來源,但在動物中相對罕見。然而它被認為可以解釋幾種顏色鮮艷的動物群體,包括非洲五大湖的麗鯛科魚類,南美洲和中美洲的螺旋形蝴蝶,以及南部卡普契諾食種子鳥(一種同樣生活在新世界熱帶地區的鳴禽)。目前,來自科羅拉多大學(位于博爾德)的席拉·圖爾貝克通過展示一種被稱為性選擇的過程在正在發生的事情中起著作用使得這一說法更進一步。

Picky, picky

吹毛求疵

Sexual selection, a phenomenon first described scientifically by Darwin, occurs when one sex (usually the female) chooses another (usually the male) on the basis of a distinctive genetically derived characteristic. The classic example is a peacock's tail. But sexual selection could also serve to separate species in what is more-or-less a one-step process, by the sudden appearance of such a characteristic. And that, as she describes in a paper in Science, is what Ms Turbek thinks has happened in the case of the Ibera and tawny-bellied seedeaters.

“性選擇”是達爾文首次在科學上描述的一種現象,在一個性別(通常是女性)基于一種獨特的遺傳特征來選擇另一個性別(通常是男性)之時出現。孔雀的尾巴就是比較經典的例子。但是性選擇也可以通過這種特征的突然出現,在一個或多或少是一步的過程中分離物種。正如圖貝克女士在《科學》雜志上的一篇論文中所描述的那樣,這就是她認為發生在伊比利亞和茶色腹食種子動物身上的情況。

These two birds live, among other places, in the San Nicolas Reserve, in Argentina. They forage on the same grasses, breed at the same time, and have breeding territories which may be as close as 50 metres from one occupied by the other species. They are also similar enough to interbreed successfully in captivity. But, as far as is known, they never do so in the wild.

這兩種鳥生活在阿根廷的圣尼古拉斯保護區。它們在相同的草地上覓食,在同一時間繁殖,它們的繁殖領地大概離其他物種的領地有近50米。它們的相似程度也足以在圈養環境中成功雜交。但據我們所知,野外的它們從不進行雜交。

譯文由可可原創,僅供學習交流使用,未經許可請勿轉載。

重點單詞   查看全部解釋    
tissue ['tiʃu:]

想一想再看

n. (生物的)組織,織物,薄絹,紙巾

 
evolve [i'vɔlv]

想一想再看

v. 進展,進化,展開

聯想記憶
established [is'tæbliʃt]

想一想再看

adj. 已被確認的,確定的,建立的,制定的 動詞est

 
spin [spin]

想一想再看

v. (使)旋轉,疾馳,紡織,結網,眩暈
n.

 
selective [si'lektiv]

想一想再看

adj. 選擇的,選擇性的

 
classic ['klæsik]

想一想再看

n. 古典作品,杰作,第一流藝術家
adj.

 
appearance [ə'piərəns]

想一想再看

n. 外表,外貌,出現,出場,露面

聯想記憶
reserve [ri'zə:v]

想一想再看

n. 預備品,貯存,候補
n. 克制,含蓄

聯想記憶
stem [stem]

想一想再看

n. 莖,干,柄,船首
vi. 起源于

 
ecological [.ekə'lɔdʒikəl]

想一想再看

adj. 生態的,生態學的

 
?
發布評論我來說2句

    最新文章

    可可英語官方微信(微信號:ikekenet)

    每天向大家推送短小精悍的英語學習資料.

    添加方式1.掃描上方可可官方微信二維碼。
    添加方式2.搜索微信號ikekenet添加即可。
    主站蜘蛛池模板: 狗年龄| 朱迅身高| 海豹w| 杨澜的个人资料简介| 慕思成| 喜羊羊简谱| 男人的鸡鸡视频| 欢乐钓鱼大师兑换码| 抓特务电视剧大全播放| 麦当娜·西科尼| 集体生活成就我教学设计| 色在线免费观看| 免费看网站| 护航电影| 富二代| 女生被艹在线观看| 永刚| 飞龙猛将演员表| 理发店电影| 安装暖气片电话| 房东电影| 安全员c证考试免费题库| 老司机免费视频在线观看| 极度险情| 礼佛大忏悔文简书| 金鸳鸯| 威利| 尘埃落定演员表| 355 电影| 电影《男宠》在线观看| 人世间演员表| 想要女朋友菲律宾| 单招在线咨询| 凤凰卫视资讯台直播| 叶子淳| 斌子| 冲出堕落城完整高清版| 在线免费污视频| 德鲁| 陕09j01图集| 抖音电脑直播|