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Business: Schumpeter: Leaving for the city
商業(yè)：熊彼特：轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)城市
Lots of prominent American companies are moving downtown.
美國(guó)大量名企正遷向城市。
Fifty years ago American companies started to move their Headquarters away from city centres to the suburbs.
五十年前，許多美國(guó)公司將總部從城市中心搬往郊區(qū)。
Some critics blamed the exodus on “white flight”, as businesses followed their employees out of increasingly crime-ridden cities.
同時(shí)，大量員工也隨著公司遷出了犯罪率日益上升的城市，有寫批評(píng)家將這種大規(guī)模遷出現(xiàn)象稱為“白人群飛”。
The firms themselves ascribed it to corporate responsibility.
而公司自身將此現(xiàn)象稱為企業(yè)責(zé)任。
They provided offices in safe neighbourhoods and near good schools—one academic, Louise Mozingo, of the University of California, Berkeley, calls it “pastoral capitalism”.
為員工提供一個(gè)毗鄰巍巍學(xué)府，且周邊環(huán)境安全和諧的工作區(qū)域，加州大學(xué)伯克利分校路易斯·莫津戈學(xué)院將此現(xiàn)象稱為“田園式的資本主義”。
Whatever the reason, it created a new type of HQ: not an office tower in the pumping heart of a metropolis but a leafy campus in the middle of nowhere.
不管出于何種原因，這種現(xiàn)象催生了一種新型總部模式：將總部理想選址從大都市中心區(qū)高聳的辦公樓里轉(zhuǎn)向綠化優(yōu)美、人煙稀少的校園式環(huán)境。
Now a growing number of companies are moving back again.
如今，越來(lái)越多的公司正遷回城市。
The most prominent example is General Electric, which abandoned New York City for a 68-acre campus in Fairfield, Connecticut, in 1974, but is now swapping its bucolic site for a collection of warehouses on the Boston waterfront.
最典型的例子就是通用電氣，通用曾在1974年為了位于康涅狄克州費(fèi)爾菲爾德地區(qū)的68英畝（約275185.8平方米）土地而離開(kāi)了紐約，而最近卻用其郊區(qū)土地來(lái)交易波士頓河畔的大片倉(cāng)庫(kù)。
There are legions more.
這樣的例子還有很多。
Chicago’s downtown has attracted an impressive collection of HQs, from both the surrounding suburbs and from farther afield, including McDonald’s, Kraft Heinz, Motorola Solutions, ,and Archer Daniels Midland, a food-commodities giant.
芝加哥中心區(qū)也吸引了大量郊區(qū)和遠(yuǎn)郊的名企，例如麥當(dāng)勞、卡夫亨氏、摩托羅拉、以及糧食巨頭阿徹丹尼爾斯米德蘭。
Zappos, an online retailer, has moved from an office park outside Las Vegas into the city’s old downtown.
電商Zappos已經(jīng)將辦公室從拉斯維加斯郊區(qū)搬到老城中心區(qū)。
Biogen moved from Cambridge, Massachusetts, to the Boston suburbs in 2011 only to re-turn a year later.
2011年從曼徹斯特的劍橋遷入波士頓郊區(qū)的百健艾迪，一年后又遷回劍橋。
Many tech companies were born urban and couldn’t be any other way.
而許多科技公司一開(kāi)始就在城市創(chuàng)辦，并無(wú)其他選擇。
Twitter and Sales force are in downtown San Francisco, and Jeff Bezos is building a huge campus for Amazon in downtown Seattle.
此外，推特以及Salesforce的總部也坐落于舊金山市中心區(qū)，而亞馬遜的首席執(zhí)行官杰夫·貝佐斯正在西雅圖中心區(qū)新建一片辦公園區(qū)。
City boosters are delighted.
支持城市的民眾對(duì)此很高興。
“This is better than hosting the Olympics,” says Shirley Leung, a columnist with the Boston Globe, of GE’s move.
為通用電氣的搬遷撰文的專欄作家雪莉·萊翁表示，“如此多的公司遷回城市勝過(guò)舉辦一場(chǎng)奧運(yùn)會(huì)。”
Corporate executives sound like graduate students after their first reading of “The Rise of the Creative Class” By Richard Florida, an urbanophile intellectual.
公司高管們?nèi)缤趿?xí)過(guò)親城市派學(xué)者理查德?佛羅里達(dá)的《創(chuàng)意階層的崛起》的畢業(yè)生一般。
Jeff Immelt, GE’s Chief executive, says that “we want to be at the centre of an ecosystem that shares our aspiration”, and notes that Boston attracts “a diverse, technologically fluent workforce”.
通用首席執(zhí)行官杰夫·伊梅爾特表示，“我們要處于共享訴求的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中心。”還補(bǔ)充道，波士頓吸引了大量的多方面技術(shù)型人才。
Ann Klee, who is helping to oversee GE’s move to Boston, says that the new headquarters will do without a car park, in order to encourage workers to use public transport.
負(fù)責(zé)通用搬遷工作的安·克萊稱：為鼓勵(lì)員工乘坐公共交通，新總部不會(huì)建停車場(chǎng)。
It will dispense with security gates and wants the public to come in.
公司將不再修建安全門，以便普通民眾進(jìn)出。
Greg Brown, the CEO of Motorola Solutions, commends downtown Chicago for its “energy, vibrancy and diversity”.
摩托羅拉的首席執(zhí)行官雷格·布朗稱：“（我們選擇芝加哥中心）是因?yàn)槠鋼碛心芰俊⒒盍投鄻有浴！?/div>
Is the new urbanism all it is cracked up to be?
對(duì)新城市主義的大力褒獎(jiǎng)是否實(shí)至名歸？
It is easy to find counter-trends, given America’s size and variety: many CEOs continue to see a future in the suburbs of the sunbelt.
鑒于美國(guó)領(lǐng)土的規(guī)模和多樣性，反例并不難尋：許多公司的高管仍然看好美國(guó)南部郊區(qū)陽(yáng)光地帶的未來(lái)。
ExxonMobil is building a headquarters for 10,000 people in the outskirts of Houston.
埃克森美孚公司正在休斯頓郊區(qū)修建能容納10000人的辦公樓。
Toyota is moving its North American headquarters from Torrance, California, to suburban Dallas.
豐田將其美國(guó)總部從加利福尼亞的托蘭斯遷至達(dá)拉斯郊區(qū)。
There is also tax-and-benefits arbitrage going on: over the past decades, the suburbs have become complacent and downtowns have got hungrier.
這些舉動(dòng)的背后不乏稅收利益的因素：在過(guò)去幾十年間，郊區(qū)以其優(yōu)惠的稅收政策吸引了足夠的企業(yè)，而市中心則因?yàn)榉敝氐亩愂諢o(wú)人問(wèn)津。
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