評(píng)論
打印
Artificial intelligence and psychology
人工智能和心理學(xué)
The computer will see you now
現(xiàn)在電腦能給你看病了
A virtual shrink may sometimes be better than the real thing
有時(shí)候，虛擬縮小版反而比實(shí)際事物更好
ELLIE is a psychologist, and a damned good one at that. Smile in a certain way, and she knows precisely what your smile means. Develop a nervous tic or tension in an eye, and she instantly picks up on it. She listens to what you say, processes every word, works out the meaning of your pitch, your tone, your posture, everything. She is at the top of her game but, according to a new study, her greatest asset is that she is not human.
Ellie是一名心理學(xué)家，而且長(zhǎng)于此道。面帶職業(yè)化微笑的她，清楚滴知道你每個(gè)笑容的含義。即便是簡(jiǎn)單的神經(jīng)抽搐或者眼神緊張，她也能立刻注意到這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。她仔細(xì)聆聽(tīng)你的表達(dá)，分辨每一個(gè)字詞，研究你每個(gè)音調(diào)、口音、手勢(shì)等所有小動(dòng)作的含義。最新研究認(rèn)為，她處在行業(yè)頂端的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)在于，她不是人類(lèi)。
When faced with tough or potentially embarrassing questions, people often do not tell doctors what they need to hear. Yet the researchers behind Ellie, led by Jonathan Gratch at the Institute for Creative Technologies, in Los Angeles, suspected from their years of monitoring human interactions with computers that people might be more willing to talk if presented with an avatar. To test this idea, they put 239 people in front of Ellie to have a chat with her about their lives. Half were told they would be interacting with an artificially intelligent virtual human; the others were told that Ellie was a bit like a puppet, and was having her strings pulled remotely by a person.
當(dāng)面臨艱難決定，或可能尷尬的問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，人們一般并不會(huì)告訴醫(yī)生他需要聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容。然而來(lái)自洛杉磯的創(chuàng)新技術(shù)研究所的研究人員，在Jonathan Gratch的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，根據(jù)多年使用電腦監(jiān)控人際交流的結(jié)果，認(rèn)為人們更愿意對(duì)著虛擬頭像吐露真心。為測(cè)試這一想法，他們請(qǐng)了239人同Ellie當(dāng)面交流他們的生活。其中一半被告知實(shí)情，即他們同人工智能在互動(dòng)；同時(shí)誤導(dǎo)另外一半，告訴他們Ellie就像是一個(gè)傀儡，被某個(gè)人遠(yuǎn)程操控。
Designed to search for psychological problems, Ellie worked with each participant in the study in the same manner. She started every interview with rapport-building questions, such as, “Where are you from?” She followed these with more clinical ones, like, “How easy is it for you to get a good night's sleep?” She finished with questions intended to boost the participant's mood, for instance, “What are you most proud of?” Throughout the experience she asked relevant follow-up questions—“Can you tell me more about that?” for example—while providing the appropriate nods and facial expressions.
為研究心理問(wèn)題而設(shè)計(jì)的Ellie以相同的方式同每個(gè)參與者互動(dòng)。每次會(huì)談她都以拉家常的問(wèn)題開(kāi)始，比如“你從哪兒來(lái)？”然后繼以更醫(yī)學(xué)性的問(wèn)題，比如“你晚上睡眠質(zhì)量如何？”最后她的問(wèn)題會(huì)刺激參與者的情緒，比如“你最驕傲的事是什么？”在整個(gè)過(guò)程中，她會(huì)問(wèn)到相關(guān)的后繼問(wèn)題，比如“能不能多聊聊這個(gè)？”同時(shí)還會(huì)適時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭，做出恰當(dāng)?shù)孛娌勘砬椤?/div>
Lie on the couch, please
請(qǐng)?zhí)稍谏嘲l(fā)上
During their time with Ellie, all participants had their faces scanned for signs of sadness, and were given a score ranging from zero to one.Also, three real, human psychologists, who were ignorant of the purpose of the study, analysed transcripts of the sessions, to rate how willingly the participants disclosed personal information.
在同Ellie共處的時(shí)候，所有的參與者的面部都會(huì)被掃描，以尋找悲傷的特征，并評(píng)以0到10分。同時(shí)，三位真正的人類(lèi)心理學(xué)家，在對(duì)此研究的目的一無(wú)所知的情況下，分析會(huì)談的視頻，并排出參與人員披露個(gè)人信息的意愿。
These observers were asked to look at responses to sensitive and intimate questions, such as, “How close are you to your family?” and, “Tell me about the last time you felt really happy.” They rated the responses to these on a seven-point scale ranging from -3 to +3. All participants were also asked to fill out questionnaires intended to probe how they felt about the interview.
這些觀察人員要注意對(duì)敏感而親密的問(wèn)題的回答，比如“你同你家庭有多親密？”和“告訴我你上次覺(jué)得真的高興是什么時(shí)候?！彼麄兏鶕?jù)七分制對(duì)這些回答進(jìn)行排序，-3表明完全不愿意表露信息，+3表示非常愿意。所有的參與人員也要填寫(xiě)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷，以說(shuō)明他們對(duì)此次會(huì)談的感覺(jué)。
Dr Gratch and his colleagues report in Computers in Human Behaviour that, though everyone interacted with the same avatar, their experiences differed markedly based on what they believed they were dealing with. Those who thought Ellie was under the control of a human operator reported greater fear of disclosing personal information, and said they managed more carefully what they expressed during the session, than did those who believed they were simply interacting with a computer.
Gratch博士及其同事在《人類(lèi)行為同電腦》上報(bào)道稱(chēng)，盡管每個(gè)人都與同一個(gè)頭像進(jìn)行互動(dòng)，他們的體驗(yàn)卻顯著地取決于他們認(rèn)為自己所交流的對(duì)象。同認(rèn)為僅僅是同電腦互動(dòng)的人相比，那些認(rèn)為Ellie是在人類(lèi)控制下的參與者更擔(dān)心揭露個(gè)人信息，并認(rèn)為在會(huì)談期間，他們對(duì)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容更細(xì)心在意。
Crucially, the psychologists observing the subjects found that those who thought they were dealing with a human were indeed less forthcoming, averaging 0.56 compared with the other group's average score of 1.11. The first group also betrayed fewer signs of sadness, averaging 0.08 compared with the other group's 0.12 sadness score.
重要的是，監(jiān)測(cè)這一過(guò)程的心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些認(rèn)為是在同人類(lèi)交流的參與者，確實(shí)更內(nèi)向。相比于另一組的1.11的平均值，他們的平均值僅為0.56。第一組同樣泄露出了較少的悲傷特征，平均0.08，而另一組的悲傷得分為0.12。
This quality of encouraging openness and honesty, Dr Gratch believes, will be of particular value in assessing the psychological problems of soldiers—a view shared by America's Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency, which is helping to pay for the project.
Gratch博士認(rèn)為，鼓勵(lì)開(kāi)放和誠(chéng)實(shí)的質(zhì)量將在評(píng)估軍人的心理學(xué)問(wèn)題過(guò)程中起到重要作用。這一觀點(diǎn)得到了美國(guó)國(guó)防高級(jí)研究計(jì)劃局的認(rèn)同。后者同時(shí)也是此項(xiàng)目的贊助方。
Soldiers place a premium on being tough, and many avoid seeing psychologists at all costs. That means conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder, to which military men and women are particularly prone, often get dangerous before they are caught. Ellie could change things for the better by confidentially informing soldiers with PTSD that she feels they could be a risk to themselves and others, and advising them about how to seek treatment.
軍人對(duì)表現(xiàn)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)尤其看重，而且許多人竭力避免去看心理醫(yī)生。然而許多軍人都很容易產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的問(wèn)題。這意味著在發(fā)現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，往往這一問(wèn)題已經(jīng)變得危險(xiǎn)。Ellie能夠改變這一現(xiàn)狀，秘密通知她認(rèn)為患有創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的軍人可能對(duì)患者自身及其他人構(gòu)成威脅，并建議他們?nèi)绾螌で笾委煛?/div>
If, that is, a cynical trooper can be persuaded that Ellie really isn't a human psychologist in disguise. Because if Ellie can pass for human, presumably a human can pass for Ellie.
這一切的前提是，玩世不恭的兵哥哥要相信Ellie真的不是偽裝了的人類(lèi)心理學(xué)家。畢竟如果Ellie能夠欺騙人類(lèi)，那人類(lèi)也能欺騙他。
| 重點(diǎn)單詞 | 查看全部解釋 | |||
| score | [skɔ:] |
想一想再看 n. 得分，刻痕，二十，樂(lè)譜 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| interview | ['intəvju:] |
想一想再看 n. 接見(jiàn)，會(huì)見(jiàn)，面試，面談 |
||
| military | ['militəri] |
想一想再看 adj. 軍事的 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| relevant | ['relivənt] |
想一想再看 adj. 相關(guān)的，切題的，中肯的 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| psychological | [.saikə'lɔdʒikəl] |
想一想再看 adj. 心理(學(xué))的 |
||
| suitcase | ['su:tkeis] |
想一想再看 n. 手提箱 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| pitch | [pitʃ] |
想一想再看 n. 瀝青，樹(shù)脂，松脂 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| alert | [ə'lə:t] |
想一想再看 adj. 警覺(jué)的，靈敏的 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| creative | [kri'eitiv] |
想一想再看 adj. 創(chuàng)造性的 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| cynical | ['sinikəl] |
想一想再看 adj. 憤世嫉俗的，吹毛求疵的 |
