評(píng)論
打印
Science and technology
科學(xué)技術(shù)
Robots and psychology
機(jī)器人與心理學(xué)
Mapping the uncanny valley
了解恐怖谷理論
Why androids are scary
為什么人形機(jī)器人那么嚇人
Who are you calling inhuman?
你說誰不像人呢？
ARTIFICIALLY created beings, whether they be drawn or sculpted, are warmly accepted by viewers when they are distinctively inhuman.
無論是畫出來的還是造出來的機(jī)器人，當(dāng)它們與人類很不相像時(shí)，人類就能很好地接受它們。
As their appearances are made more real, however, acceptance turns to discomfort until the point where the similarity is almost perfect, when comfort returns.
但是，隨著它們的外貌越來越近似真人，這種接受就會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉锤小Ｖ钡剿鼈兣c人類的相似度達(dá)到一個(gè)幾近完美的狀態(tài)，人類又會(huì)重新接受它們。
This effect, called the uncanny valley because of the dip in acceptance between clearly inhuman and clearly human forms, is well known, particularly to animators, but why it happens is a mystery.
因?yàn)樵诓粔驍M人和非常擬人之間人們對(duì)機(jī)器人的接受度有一個(gè)下降的過程，所以這種效果被稱為恐怖谷。恐怖谷理論眾所周知，尤其是對(duì)動(dòng)畫家來說，但它的出現(xiàn)原因卻是個(gè)謎。
Some suggest it is all about outward appearance, but a study just published in Cognition by Kurt Gray at the University of North Carolina and Daniel Wegner at Harvard argues that there can be something else involved as well: the apparent presence of a mind where it ought not to be.
一些人認(rèn)為這一理論只和外表有關(guān)，但最近北卡羅來納大學(xué)的Kurt Gray與哈佛大學(xué)的Daniel Wegner在《認(rèn)知》上發(fā)表了一篇研究文章，稱這其中可能還包含著別的東西，即本不該出現(xiàn)在機(jī)器人身上的明顯的思維能力。
According to some philosophers the mind is made up of two parts, agency and experience.
根據(jù)哲學(xué)家的說法，思維由兩部分構(gòu)成：執(zhí)行和體驗(yàn)。
Both set people apart from robots, but Dr Gray and Dr Wegner speculated that experience in particular was playing a crucial role in generating the uncanny-valley effect.
這兩者都能將人與機(jī)器人區(qū)分開，但Gray博士和 Wegner博士推測(cè)，在產(chǎn)生恐怖谷效應(yīng)方面，經(jīng)驗(yàn)起著尤其重要的作用。
They theorised that adding human-like eyes and facial expressions to robots conveys emotion where viewers do not expect emotion to be present.
他們建立了一個(gè)理論，即如果使機(jī)器人擁有像人類一樣的眼睛和表情，它們就能傳遞感情，但在觀察者的預(yù)期中這種感情是不該出現(xiàn)在機(jī)器人身上的。
The resulting clash of expectations, they thought, might be where the unease was coming from.
他們認(rèn)為這種預(yù)期所產(chǎn)生的沖突可能就是不適感的來源。
To test this idea, the researchers presented 45 participants recruited from subway stations and campus dining halls in Massachusetts with a questionnaire about the Delta-Cray supercomputer.
為了驗(yàn)證這個(gè)想法，研究者從馬薩諸塞州的地鐵站或大學(xué)食堂征集了45位參與者，就Delta-Cray超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)他們做了一份問卷調(diào)查。
A third were told this machine was like a normal computer but much more powerful.
參與調(diào)查問卷的人中有三分之一被告知這臺(tái)機(jī)器和正常的電腦一樣，但強(qiáng)大許多；
Another third heard it was capable of experience, by being told it could feel hunger, fear and other emotions.
另外三分之一的人被告知它有體驗(yàn)的能力，即它能感受到饑餓、恐懼以及其他一些情感；
The remainder were told it was capable of self-control and the capacity to plan ahead, thus suggesting it had agency.
剩下的三分之一則被告知它能自我控制，并有能力提前制定計(jì)劃，也就是說它具有執(zhí)行力。
Participants were asked to rate how unnerved they were by the supercomputer on a scale where one was not at all and five was extremely.
研究者請(qǐng)他們從一分到五分對(duì)這臺(tái)超級(jí)電腦給他們帶來的恐懼感進(jìn)行打分。
Dr Gray and Dr Wegner found that those presented with the idea of a supercomputer that was much more powerful than other computers or was capable of planning ahead were not much unnerved.
Gray博士和 Wegner博士發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些被告知這臺(tái)電腦只是一臺(tái)比其他電腦強(qiáng)大許多的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)和它有提前制定計(jì)劃的能力的問卷參與者都沒有感到十分恐懼。
They gave it a score of 1.3 and 1.4 respectively.
他們給出的平均分分別是1.3和1.4分。
By contrast, those presented with the idea of a computer capable of experiencing emotions gave the machine an average of 3.4.
相比之下，那些被告知這臺(tái)電腦有體驗(yàn)情感能力的參與者打出的恐懼分?jǐn)?shù)為3.4分。
These findings are consistent with the researchers’ hypothesis.
這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與研究者的假設(shè)相吻合。
There seems to be something about finding emotion in a place where it is not expected that upsets people.
似乎是發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)不該有情感的機(jī)器卻有了情感這類事使人類感到不安。
This led Dr Gray and Dr Wegner to wonder if the reverse, discovering a lack of experience in a place where it was expected, might prove just as upsetting.
這使Gray博士和 Wegner博士不禁想問，如果將情況反過來，人類發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)該有情感的人卻沒有體驗(yàn)情感的能力時(shí)會(huì)不會(huì)同樣會(huì)感到不安。
To explore this, they presented a further 44 volunteers, recruited in the same manner as those in the earlier experiment, with a picture of a man.
為了弄清這一問題，兩位博士以同樣的方式再次征集了44位志愿者，并向他們展示了一張男人的照片。
A third were told that he was normal; a third that he was unable to plan; and a third that he was unable to feel pain, pleasure or fear.
其中三分之一的人被告知這個(gè)男人是正常的，另外三分之一的人被告知他沒有制定計(jì)劃的能力，剩下的三分之一則被告知他沒有感受疼痛、愉悅或恐懼的能力。
As in the first experiment, participants rated how unnerved they were by the man on a five-point scale.
和第一次實(shí)驗(yàn)一樣，博士們要求參與者按五分制給這個(gè)男人給他們帶來的恐懼感進(jìn)行打分。
Those who were told the man was normal, or was incapable of planning, gave scores that averaged 1.8 and 1.9 respectively.
那些被告知這個(gè)男人是正常的和他沒有能力制定計(jì)劃的參與者給出的平均分分別是1.8分和1.9分。
Those told he could not feel pain, pleasure or fear were much more unnerved.
但那些被告知這個(gè)男人沒有能力感受疼痛、愉悅或恐懼的參與者要比前兩批人恐懼得多，
They gave average scores of 3.0.
他們給出的平均分為3.0分。
Dr Gray and Dr Wegner believe their findings argue that a big part of the uncanny-valley effect stems from expectations not being met.
Gray博士和 Wegner博士認(rèn)為：他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明引起恐怖谷效應(yīng)的大部分原因根源在于人們的預(yù)期沒有得到滿足。
Robots are not expected to have feelings and when such feelings are found, it seems somehow wrong.
人們認(rèn)為機(jī)器人不會(huì)有情感，當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們擁有情感時(shí)，人們就會(huì)覺得這是不正常的。
Humans, by contrast, are expected to have feelings—and when such feelings are not found, the effect is equally frightening.
相比之下，人類是有情感的，當(dāng)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)某個(gè)人沒有情感時(shí)，他們同樣會(huì)感到恐懼不安。
Their conclusions will perhaps give pause to those who see the ultimate robot as something which physically resembles a human being.
一些人認(rèn)為機(jī)器人發(fā)展到最后，會(huì)在物質(zhì)形態(tài)上與人類十分相似，但這次研究的結(jié)論可能會(huì)讓他們斷了這種念頭。
