評論
打印
Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class
獨(dú)白:聽下面一段心理學(xué)課的演講。
Professor:We've said that the term Cognition refers to mental states like:
教授:我們已經(jīng)說過，認(rèn)知力指的是這樣的精神狀態(tài):
knowing and believing, and to mental processes that we use to arrive at those states.
熟悉某事并相信它確實(shí)存在，精神層面上我們曾經(jīng)達(dá)到這樣的狀態(tài)。
So for example, reasoning is a cognitive process, so it's perception.
所以，比如說，推理是一種認(rèn)知過程，這就是認(rèn)識能力。
We use information that we perceive through our senses to help us make decisions to arrive at beliefs and so on.
我們通過感官獲得信息，幫助我們做出決定抵達(dá)信念的彼岸等等。
And then there are memory and imagination which relate to the knowledge of things that happen in the past and may happen in the future.
然后，我們還有記憶力和想象力，這些都跟過去發(fā)生過的或未來可能發(fā)生的背景知識相關(guān)。
So perceiving, remembering, imagining are all internal mental processes that lead to knowing or believing.
因此，認(rèn)識能力，記憶力和想象力，這些都是引導(dǎo)我們熟悉某事物并相信其存在的內(nèi)在精神過程。
Yet, each of these processes has limitations, and can lead us to hold mistaken believes or make false predictions.
然而，每一個過程都有其局限性，可能會讓我們產(chǎn)生錯誤的新年或做出錯誤的預(yù)測。
Take memory for example, maybe you have heard of studies in which people hear a list of related words.
比如記憶力，也許你們聽過這樣的一次研究，研究中人們聽一列相關(guān)單詞。
Ah…, let`s say a list of different kinds of fruit.
啊，就說一列不同種類的水果類單詞。
After hearing this list, they are presented with several additional words.
在聽了單詞后，他們會說出一些附加的詞匯。
In this case, we`ll say the additional words were blanket and cheery.
在這種情況下，我們會說到的附加的單詞是blanket 毛毯和cheery 快樂的。
Neither of these words was on the original list, and, well, people will claim correctly that blanket was not on the original list, they'll also claim incorrectly that the word cheery was on the list.
這些詞都沒有在原先的單詞表上出現(xiàn)過，而且，嗯，人們會準(zhǔn)確的說到，blanket沒有在原單詞表上，他們也會錯誤得認(rèn)為cheery就有在單詞表上。
Most people are convinced they heard the word cheery on the original list.
大部分人確信他們聽到了cheery這個單詞。
Why do they make such a simple mistake?
為什么他們會犯這么簡單的錯誤呢？
Well, we think because the words on the list were so closely related, the brain stored only the gist of what they heard.
我們認(rèn)為原因是單詞表上的單詞都很相關(guān)。大腦會將我們聽到的主旨信息儲存起來。
For example, that all the items on the list were types of the fruit.
比如說，所有的單詞表上的單詞都是各種水果。
When we tap our memory, our brains often fill in details and quite often these details are actually false.
當(dāng)我們回憶的時候，大腦經(jīng)常會填補(bǔ)記憶的細(xì)節(jié)，而很多時候這些細(xì)節(jié)實(shí)際上是錯誤的。
We also see this fill-in phenomenon with perception.
我們也是通過認(rèn)知能力捕獲這些填補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)象。
Perception is the faculty that allows us to process information in the present as we take it via our senses.
認(rèn)知能力是一種通過我們的感官允許我們在當(dāng)下處理信息的能力。
Again, studies have shown that people will fill in information that they thought they perceived even when they didn`t.
研究再一次表明，大腦會填補(bǔ)一些他們沒有獲得而自己以為獲得了的信息。
For example, experiments have been done where a person hears a sentence, but it is missing the word, that logically completes it.
比如說，在某些實(shí)驗中，參加測試的人聽到了一個句子，但沒有捕捉到邏輯連接詞。
They'll claim to hear that word even though it was never said.
他們會說聽到了這個詞，盡管根本就沒有這個詞。
So if I were to say…er…the sunrise is in the…and then fill to complete the sentence, people will often claim to have heard the word east.
所以如果我說，額，太陽從……升起，然后讓大家填補(bǔ)完整句子，他們經(jīng)常會說自己聽到了東邊這個詞。
In cognitive psychology, we have a phrase for this kind of inaccurate filling in of details-it's called:A Blind Spot.
在認(rèn)知心理學(xué)中,我們對此有一個詞解釋這種不準(zhǔn)確的填補(bǔ)細(xì)節(jié)—它被稱為盲點(diǎn)。
The term originally refers to the place in our eyes where the optic nerve connects the back of the eye to the brain.
該術(shù)語原本指的是我們眼睛里的某一部位，該部位的視神經(jīng)將眼睛的背部鏈接到我們的大腦。
There are no photoreceptors in the area where the nerve connects to the eye.
然而我們?nèi)徊恢驗榇竽X填補(bǔ)了其認(rèn)為屬于圖像的部分，
So that particular area of the eye is incapable of detecting images.
所以圖像總是完整顯示出來。
It produces A Blind Spot in our field vision. We are unaware of it, because the brain fills in what it thinks belongs in its image, so the picture always appears complete to us.
在神經(jīng)連接眼睛的區(qū)域沒有光感受器，所以眼睛的這一部位不能夠檢測到圖像。這就使得我們的視野中出現(xiàn)盲點(diǎn)。
But the term blind spot has also taken on a more general meaning-it refers to people being unaware of a bias that may affect their judgment about the subject.
但是，盲點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在的所指范圍已經(jīng)擴(kuò)大，它還指的是可能影響人們對某一事物進(jìn)行判斷的偏見而不為所知的狀態(tài)。
And the same blind-spot phenomenon that affects memory and perception also affects imagination.
而相同的盲點(diǎn)現(xiàn)象不僅影響人們的記憶力和認(rèn)識能力，還影響到想象力。
Imagination is a faculty that some people use to anticipate future events in their lives.
想象力是人們預(yù)測生活中未來會發(fā)生的事件的能力。
But the ease with which we imagine details can lead to unrealistic expectations and can bias our decisions.
然而由于我們能夠自由想象各種細(xì)節(jié)，這便會導(dǎo)致不切實(shí)際的預(yù)測并左右我們的決定。
So…er…Peter, suppose I ask you to image a lunch salad, no problem, right?
那么，額，彼得，假設(shè)我讓你想象一下午餐沙拉，沒問題的，是吧？
But I bet you imagine specific ingredients.
但我猜你會想到的是具體的沙拉原料。
Did yours have tomatoes, Onion, Lettuce? Mine did?
有西紅柿，洋蔥和萵苣嗎？我的呢？
Our brains fill in all sorts of details that might not be part of other people's image of a salad, which could lead to disappointment for us.
我們的腦袋會填補(bǔ)各種細(xì)節(jié)，這些細(xì)節(jié)可能不是其他人想象中的沙拉原料，這就會讓我們失望了。
If the next time we order a salad in a restaurant, we have our imagined salad in mind, that's not necessarily what we'll get on our plate.
如果下次我們在飯館點(diǎn)了沙拉，我們各自有自己想象的版本，但我們點(diǎn)到的沙拉不一定就是我們要的。
The problem is not that we imagine things, but that we assume what we've imagined is accurate.
問題不是我們想象這些東西，而是我們假設(shè)我們想的是對的。
We should be aware that our imagination has this built-in feature, the blind spot, which makes our predictions fall short of reality.
我們應(yīng)該知道，想象力有這種內(nèi)在特征，即盲區(qū)，這讓我們的預(yù)期與現(xiàn)實(shí)不符。
