寫作訓練方法
1-5篇 不限時寫作 結構完整 300字以上
6-10篇 1小時 350字以上 結構完整
要求：檢查語法、拼寫錯誤 跑題、表達不清問題
11-20篇 半小時 400字以上
要求：檢查語法、拼寫錯誤 跑題、表達不清問題 潤飾文章
理由不能太具體 否則不容易展開 要擅于利用“萬金由”
各個理由的關系，必須是并列關系，排列順序由段落長短來決定。
開頭1 背景+論題+各方觀點的理由+作者論點和理由
背景+論題+反方觀點+(反方理由)+過渡+作者觀點+作者理由
開頭段寫理由的好處
怎樣寫背景：
提出一種普遍的或值得關注的現象(緊扣論題)作為背景
從遠到近，由大到小，談論緊扣論題的社會觀點作為背景
官方、權威數據，調查研究結果
開頭2 事例+論題+各方觀點(和理由)+作者理由和論點
⑴ 媒體(電視、電臺、報紙、雜志和網絡)的報道
⑵ 朋友、鄰居、同事的故事
開頭3 問題+論題+各方觀點(和理由)+作者論點和理由
把背景用問題方式提出 連續提問(煽情式提問)
開頭4 “引語”+論題+各方觀點(和理由)+作者論點和理由
主題句
必須是陳述句 必須表面觀點 不要直接寫事實 由觀點到事實
態度必須堅決 每段都要有主題句 通常位于段首或段末
結尾
總結全文(論點+各方觀點)+重述論點和理由+提出建議/解決問題/深化意義
把對方的優點移植到己方，把己方的觀點消滅掉，提出實施方案和注意事項
深化意義=展望未來+對國家社會的好處
黃金規則一 –The longer, the better
⑴ 每一個論點都要有理由
⑵ 每一個理由都要有例子
⑶ 每一個例子都要有細節
黃金規則二----------“萬金由”
黃金規則三 重述語意的技巧
⑴使用同義詞進行替換
⑵使用同根詞進行替換
Oppose-opposition
Build-building
Announce-announcement
Explain-explanation
⑶使用短語進行替換
(Support) argue for/vote for/be in favor of
(Oppose) argue against/vote against/object to/be opposed to
⑷使用全新的表達法進行替換
A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near the community.
----------a large factory is supposed to built near the community according to the announcement issued by a company.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community.
------There is a growing awareness of both the positive and negative influences that the construction plan brings to our community.
黃金規則四-黃金句型 priceless sentence patterns
超酷超炫超難句型大比拼
注意：主題句 盡可能2-1格式 細節提升
每個段落開頭
1. 強調句(1-2)
2. The more…,the more (1-2)
The more frequently we communicate with family members, the more harmonious the relationship in the family between us is.(只要涉及交流都可以用)
3. 倒裝句(2-3)
①So…that….以至于
So big is the classroom that it may hold ten thousand people.
So fast does he run that the train couldn’t catch up with him.
② As…as(more…than…) 比較結構
I run as fast as he did-----I run as fast as did he.
③表示地點、位置、范圍、處所的狀語或表語提前至句首
My sister is among those students.----Among those students is my sister.
④分詞或形容詞短語提前至句首
主語(+定語)+be+形容詞/過去分詞/不及物動詞現在分詞+介詞+名詞
主語(+定語)+be+及物動詞現在分詞+n.
E.g. Contrary to/coincident with the opinion of many people is my heartfelt (忠心的) objection to/agreement with the idea that students should study together with classmates.
Those people/parents who hold the opinion that money is the only symbol of success are satisfied with/contented with/interested in/worried about/opposed to their children finding a high-paying and long-working job.------------Satisfied with/contented with/interested in/worried about/opposed to their children finding a high-paying and long-working job are those people/parents who hold the opinion that money is the only symbol of success
Arguing for those students living outside the campus are those people who hold the opinion that independence is the most critical characteristic of a university student
⑤形容詞+though/as+主語+謂語+主句
Rich though he is, he is unhappy.
Though the advantages (that owning a business enjoys/leads to/results in) are considerable/wonderful/numerous, they can not compete with the benefits (that working for others brings about/causes), when/if responsibility is taken into consideration/deliberation/account.
Though the advantages that living in outside the campus enjoys are considerable, they can not compete with the benefits that living in inside the campus brings about, when safety is taken into consideration.(通常用在第一段的最后一句話提出文章論點和理由，2-1文章的承上啟下部分或文章的結尾) ---------------------------- considerable though the advantages that living in outside the campus enjoys are, they can not compete with the benefits that living in inside the campus brings about, when safety is taken into consideration.
⑥表示否定的副詞或短語+助動詞+主語+謂語+其他成分
No/not/never/Neither/nor/ (全部否定)
seldom/rarely/barely/scarcely/hardly(部分否定)
Never will I form an idea that bicycles affect human beings’ life style most profoundly among all transportation means.
⑦Only+狀語置于句首+助動詞+主語+謂語+其他成分
Only though this crisis do I understand that you love me best in the world.
3. 比較結構和倍數關系(1-2)
As…as…
A is five times as big as B
A is five times bigger than B
A is five times the size of B.
4. 修辭問句(1-2)
When human beings enjoy their happy life, isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to those cute animals without enough playing ground?
When those people enjoy their happy life outside campus, isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to the great opportunities with their classmates if they live inside campus?
When those people enjoy convenience brought by automobiles, isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to the heavily polluted air and those people who are injured severely (had) in the car accidents?
When people enjoy the convenience brought the construction plan, isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to the heavily polluted air and those people who are injured severely or die in the car accident because of the traffic jam after the construction of the factory?
5. 并列結構(2-3)
Teaching machines are devices that can store instructional information, present displays, receive response from a learner, and act on those responses.
6. 虛擬語氣
① 闡述各種假定的惡劣后果時，可以使用虛擬語氣。
If we built a factory in our community, there would be much pollution.
② 表示建議時，可以使用虛擬語氣。
I suggest he (should) go now
③ 論及不太可能會實現或不可能會實現或不希望會實現的事情時，可以使用虛擬語氣。
7. 插入語(2-3次)
重要的插入語列舉：
l indeed， surely， (however，nevertheless，nonetheless，admittedly, notwithstanding)轉折，意思完全一樣, obviously，besides, furthermore, briefly, similarly,
l honestly\frankly\generally (speaking)，
naturally， luckily\fortunately，astonishingly, conversely, undeniably, undoubtedly
l strange to say， needless to say， most important of all， worse of all
l in sum\short\ summary ， in other words， in a sense， in general， in my view\opinion\judgment，
l in consequence, in conclusion
l in the first place，in addition
l On the contrary, in contrast
l to my joy\delight\satisfaction\ surprise\astonishment\amazement\ regret \disappointment，
l of course,
l for instance\example,
l in fact, as a matter of fact
l to be sure， to sum up， to tell the truth, to start with，
l I am sure， I believe\wonder\suppose， it seems， as I see it， what is important (serious)， I’m afraid， it is said
語言的雕琢
聰明的 clever brilliant smart intelligent wise genius bright talented gifted quick-witted quick-minded ingenious
非常 very extremely extraordinarily highly unusually pretty considerably remarkably amazingly astonishingly surprisingly impressively noticeable notably
著名的 well-known famed noted celebrated renowned eminent
Enjoy a nation-wide/world-wide fame/name/recognition/
Celebrity/eminence /reputation be widely recognized acknowledged
關于 regarding concerning involving as regards relating to with respect to with regard to with reference to with relation to
E.g.: Concerning this issue, as far as I am concerned,
I think you are very famous and clever
From my point of view, you are extraordinarily well-known and intelligent.
文章中禁止使用的項目
About ,get ,famous, clever, very, lovely, good, bad, big, many, important
在每個名詞前，試圖加上一個形容詞;在每個形容詞前，試圖加上一個副詞
詞匯選擇的標準
Understandable
Acceptable
Correct e.g. a slim/ample opportunity take care of yourself
Playwright(劇作家)
Gain/obtain/accumulate/acquire knowledge(獲得知識)
Appropriate
Exact
Idiomatic(合乎語言習慣的)
Interesting
段落的實現
⑴例證法 每個理由后面必須同時有例子 每篇文章至少兩個例子
提出論點-列舉事例-分析事例-得出結論-(重述論點)我認為-因為我覺得-比如說-你看
舉例之后 一定要強調這樣的例子不勝枚舉。。。
Abraham Lincoln
⑵因果法 提出論點-原因-分析條件(如果這樣會有什么好處/壞處，而這正是我們所需要/擔心的)-得出結果
Lead to/result in
result from
Because of/due to/thanks to/owing to/by reason of/on account of
For 表示“因為”時不能放在句首
Because/for/since/as
As a result/outcome/consequence of
In consequence/in the end/consequently
Therefore/thereby/hence/thus(副詞)
So(連詞)
⑶ 比較對照法(整體、分項比較)
整體比較的好處：寫起來容易 整體印象完整 缺點：兩者對比不鮮明
分項比較的好處：兩者對比特別鮮明 缺點：零碎的印象，大量的重復
Interweave 交織
⑷ 分類法/并列法
總論點
分論點一 在A方面 在B方面 在C方面
分論點二
分論點三
⑸定義法
銜接手段
使用連接詞和短語(表示并列、轉折、遞進、因果、比較、對照、舉例)
使用代詞
使用語意粘連
舉例：同意建工廠
常用詞匯和結構
表示第一項
Firstly, to begin/start with, first of all, in the first place, on the one hand, the most important reason is, first and foremost
另一項 secondly, in the second place, on the other hand, besides, further more, additionally, in addition, moreover, equally important is, also, too, another
最后一項 last but not the least, most important of all, finally, thirdly, another point/reason
題型分類：
⑴觀點選擇 給出兩個對立觀點或者一個觀點的對立兩個方面，要求支持其中一個觀點或者觀點的一個方面。
Do you agree or disagree with the statements: parents are the best teachers 帶有絕對性的題目，駁論更好寫
⑵比較對比類 給出兩個對立觀點或者一個觀點的對立兩個方面，要求進行比較論述，并給出個人觀點
It has been said,” Not everything that is learned is contained in books” compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?
⑶自定義類 考試頻率最低、難度最大
You have the opportunity to visit a foreign country for two weeks. Which country would you like to visit? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.
給出一個范圍或論題 要求自己確定觀點并論述、正面反面都可以寫
如何審題：
確定題目的類別(題材/題型)
確定切入點，尋找絕對詞匯(never/conly/anything/best)和其他帶有限制性含義的詞語(形容詞、介詞短語)
列提綱時間短于兩分鐘
簡短提綱=觀點+理由+閃現的句子和名言
主體框架
1+1 支持面+理由 兩點論述
2+1(兩種)A型 支持面優點的充分論述+反對面的缺點一到兩點的簡略改進(自由選室友 or 學校決定)
B型 支持面的理由兩點充分論述+支持面的另一個理由簡略論述
2-1(兩種)-重點推薦
A. 支持面優點兩點充分論述+反對面優點一到兩點的簡略改進
B. 討論點的優點兩點充分論述+討論點的缺點一到兩點論述
折中方案
各種題型的框架
觀點選擇類：1+1、 2+1 、2-1、折中方案