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Science and technology
科學(xué)技術(shù)
The first case of ursine tool use
第一只會(huì)用工具的熊
Ready for my close-up, Dr Deecke
Deecke博士，準(zhǔn)備給我來張?zhí)貙懓?/div>
PRIMATES apart, few mammals employ tools.
除了靈長類動(dòng)物，會(huì)使用工具的哺乳類動(dòng)物屈指可數(shù)。
Sea otters use rocks to smash clams open,
海獺會(huì)在石頭上砸開蛤蜊；
dolphins wrap sponges around their noses to protect themselves while they forage on the seabed,
海豚在海床上覓食時(shí)，會(huì)將海綿綁在鼻子上以保護(hù)自身；
elephants swat insects with branches and humpback whales exhale curtains of bubbles to trap schools of fish.
大象會(huì)用樹枝拍打昆蟲；駝背鯨會(huì)呼出陣陣氣泡來困住魚群。
Until now, these four examples had been thought the extent of the non-primate mammalian tool-users club.
至今，人們?nèi)哉J(rèn)為非靈長類動(dòng)物中只有這四種會(huì)使用工具。
But a study just published in Animal Cognition, by Volker Deecke of the University of St Andrews, in Britain, has added a fifth and rather surprising one.
但英國圣安德魯大學(xué)的Volker Deecke在《動(dòng)物認(rèn)知》上剛發(fā)表的研究指出了第五種會(huì)用工具的動(dòng)物，而且是令人相當(dāng)意外的一種。
That epitome of rugged wildness, the grizzly bear, seems to be the only species other than humans to have invented the comb.
粗獷野性的象征—灰熊，看來是除了人類以外唯一一種發(fā)明了梳子的動(dòng)物。
Dr Deecke made this discovery while studying grizzly-bear behaviour from a small boat in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, on July 22nd 2010.
這一點(diǎn)是Deecke博士于2010年7月22日在阿拉斯加冰河灣國家公園一艘小船上研究灰熊習(xí)性時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的。
After a period of play-fighting with another bear and a short bout of feeding on a beached whale carcass, a bear of between three and five years of age, sex unknown, waded into the shallows of the bay.
一只灰熊在與另一只熊打鬧了一陣并吃了一點(diǎn)被沖到沙灘上的鯨魚尸體后，涉水來到了海灣的淺灘中。
Once there, it picked up a fist-sized rock and carefully rotated it for about a minute before dropping it back into the water.
在那，它撿起了一塊拳頭大的石頭，小心翼翼地旋轉(zhuǎn)了約一分鐘后，將其扔回水中。
Moments later, it picked up another, of similar size, and again rotated it.
片刻之后，它又撿起了另一塊差不多大小的石頭旋轉(zhuǎn)起來。
This time, rather than discarding the stone, it held it against its muzzle and started to rub.
但這次它沒扔掉石頭，反而把石頭放到口鼻處開始來回磨蹭。
Using its left paw to press the rock against its skin and its right paw to support the rock's weight, the bear rubbed away at its muzzle and face for roughly a minute before dropping the stone back into the water.
那只熊用左掌將石頭按在皮膚上，用右掌托著石頭，將石頭在口鼻和臉上蹭了大約一分鐘后才將石頭扔回水里。
Then it grabbed a third stone of the same size, rotated it and rubbed its face, muzzle and neck for a further two minutes before discarding it.
然后，它撿起第三塊同樣大小的石頭并在旋轉(zhuǎn)后用來磨蹭臉、口鼻和脖子將近兩分鐘后將其扔掉。
This done, it spent two minutes grooming its right paw with its teeth before returning to the whale carcass.
做完這些后，它又花了兩分鐘用牙齒來梳理右掌的毛，之后便回到鯨魚尸體處。
Dr Deecke found, upon close examination of his photographs, that all three rocks were encrusted with barnacles and he reckons these were acting as the functional equivalent of the teeth of a comb.
博士Deecke在仔細(xì)研究所拍照片后發(fā)現(xiàn)，那三塊石頭上都粘有藤壺，而他認(rèn)為這些藤壺的功能梳齒一樣。
He thinks the bear was probably using its makeshift combs for comfort, rather than vanity.
Deecke博士認(rèn)為，那只熊自制梳子可能是想讓自己舒服，而不是為了美觀。
But crucially for the concept of tool-use, the animal's rejection of the first rock it picked up shows a discriminating understanding of what was required to get the right amount of scratching from a comb;
但是，那只熊沒有用它撿到的第一塊石頭，這說明它有能力判斷子什么樣的梳子才好用；
which rock, in other words, was the tool for the job.
換言之，就是哪塊石頭可以拿來當(dāng)梳子。這一點(diǎn)對(duì)判斷動(dòng)物是否會(huì)使用工具至關(guān)重要。
An important question from a biological point of view is whether this animal's behaviour is unique.
在此，有一個(gè)很重要的生物學(xué)問題：是不是只有這一只熊會(huì)使用工具？
Other tool-using mammals are social species.
其他會(huì)使用工具的哺乳類動(dòng)物都是群居動(dòng)物，
That means one individual's chance invention is easily copied by others of its group, resulting in a primitive culture.
也就是說個(gè)體偶然的發(fā)明很容易被群體里的其他成員模仿，從而形成原始的文化。
Grizzly bears have not been considered particularly sociable in the past, but if others in Glacier Bay are seen combing themselves in this way that view might have to change.
過去，人們并不認(rèn)為灰熊具有明顯的群居特征，但如果冰河灣有其他灰熊被發(fā)現(xiàn)使用這種方法梳理毛發(fā)，那上述觀點(diǎn)就可能會(huì)被推翻。
It might, though, be that Dr Deecke's preening animal is unique.
不過，也有可能只是Deecke博士看到的那只梳理毛發(fā)的熊比較特別罷了。
That would suggest it came up with the idea of using rocks as combs by itself, rather than copying someone else—truly smarter than the average bear.
那就意味著這只熊拿石頭當(dāng)梳子是自己的原創(chuàng)，并非模仿——果然是只特別聰明的熊。
