參考答案：

Answer to Question 71

The sentence speaks of a sequence of actions in the past: shareholders made their monthly payments and subsequently took turns drawing on the funds. Choice C, the best answer, uses parallel past-tense verb forms to express this sequence. Choices A and B violate parallelism by using taking where took is required. The wording in D results in a run-on sentence and does not specify what the members took turns doing. Similarly, E does not specify what the members drew, and taking turns produces nonsense when combined with the rest of the sentence.

Answer to Question 72

Choice A is faulty because an adverb such as twice cannot function as an object of the preposition by. B distorts the sentence's meaning, stating that the number of engineering degrees conferred increased on more than two distinct occasions. D's passive verb was ... doubled suggests without warrant that some unnamed agent increased the number of engineering degrees. The past perfect tense in E, had... doubled, is inappropriate unless the increase in engineering degrees is specifically being viewed as having occurred further back in the past than some subsequent event. Choice C is best.

Answer to Question 73

In choices A and B, the pronoun them has no antecedent; furthermore, the (/clause in B must take should ratherthan would. In C, necessary militarily is awkward and vague. E is wordy and garbles the meaning with incorrect word order. Choice D is best: its phrasing is clear, grammatical, and idiomatic. Moreover, D is the choice that most closely parallels the construction of the nonunderlined portion of the sentence. The sentence states that the Admiralty and the War Office met to consider x and y, where x is the noun phrase a possible Russian attempt. D provides a noun phrase, military action, that matches the structure of x more closely than do the corresponding noun elements in the other choices.

Answer to Question 74

The first independent clause of the sentence describes a general situation; in A, the best choice, a second independent clause clearly and grammatically presents an example of this circumstance. Choice B uses as an instance ungrammatically: as an instance requires o/to form such idiomatic constructions as "She cited x as an instance of y." Also, this construction cannot link infinitives such as to bend and to allow. The infinitive is again incorrect in C and D. C misuses like, a comparative preposition, to introduce an example. D requires by in place of to be. E, aside from being wordy and imprecise, uses the pronoun which to refer vaguely to the whole preceding clause rather than to a specific noun referent.

Answer to Question 75

Choices A and B fail because the logic of the sentence demands that the verb in the main clause be wholly in the future tense: if x happens, y will happen. To compound the problem, the auxiliary verbs have been in A and have in B cannot properly be completed by to diminish. C, D, and E supply the correct verb form, but C and D conclude with faulty as clauses that are awkward and unnecessary, because will continue describes an action begun in the past. E is the best choice.

Answer to Question 76

Choices A and B are faulty because a relative clause beginning with that is needed to state Gall's hypothesis. The phrase of there being, as used in A, is wordy and unidiomatic; in B, of different mental functions does not convey Gall's point about those functions. Choices D and E are awkward and wordy, and both use which where that would be the preferred pronoun for introducing a clause that states Gall's point. Further, the phrasing of E misleadingly suggests that a distinction is being made between this hypothesis and others by Gall that are not widely accepted today. Choice C is best.

Answer to Question 77

Choice A contains an agreement error: the term requires the singular it has in place of the plural they have. Furthermore, widely ranging is imprecise: graphic design work does not range about widely but rather comprises a wide range of activities. Choice C contains widely ranging and, like D, fails to use a verb form such as laying out to define the activities, instead presenting an awkward noun phrase: corporate brochure and annual report layout. The present perfect tense is used inappropriately in choices C (has signified), D (have suggested... has signified), and E (have suggested) to indicate recently completed rather than ongoing action. Additionally, E contains the incorrect they have and the imprecise widely ranging. Choice B is best.

Answer to Question 78

Choice A misuses which: as a relative pronoun, which should refer to a specific noun rather than to the action of an entire clause. A also produces the unidiomatic and illogical construction either... and. Choice B properly uses a verb phrase (resulting ...) instead of which to modify the action of the first clause and also correctly completes either with or, but the verbs following either and or are not parallel: spreading must be spread to match become. Choice C is flawed by the nonparallel verb spreading and the wordy phrase that begins with the result of. Choice E is similarly wordy and uses and where or is required. Choice D--concise, idiomatic, and parallel with the rest of the sentence--is best.

Answer to Question 79

When the verb consider is used to mean "regard" or "deem," it can be used more economically without the to be of choice A; should be in choice B, as being in choice C, and as if in choice D are used unidiomatically with this sense of consider, and D carries the unwarranted suggestion that Sand is somehow viewing the rural poor hypothetically. Choice E, therefore, is best: each of the other choices inserts an unnecessary, unidiomatic, or misleading phrase before legitimate subjects. Moreover, A and B incorrectly use these rather than them as the pronoun referring to the poor. In C, portraying is not parallel with to consider. Only E has to portray, although not essential, to underscores the parallelism of portray and consider.

Answer to Question 80

Choice A, the best answer, uses the simple past tense flourished to describe civilizations existing simultaneously in the past. Choice B wrongly uses the past perfect had flourished; past perfect tense indicates action that was completed prior to some other event described in the simple past tense: for example, "Mayan civilization had ceased to exist by the time Europeans first reached the Americas." Choice C lacks as after time. In choices C, D, and E, the plural pronoun those has no plural noun to which it can refer. In C, had signals the incorrect past perfect; did in D and were in E are awkward and unnecessary. D and E also incorrectly use the present participle flourishing where that flourished is needed.