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Is heading in soccer dangerous? It's aquestion that has met its fair share of controversy.
頭球危險嗎？這個問題引發了不少爭議。
If you've never played soccer, heading maylook pretty dangerous to the poor brain. Where else in life do you not want toduck away from an object flying straight at your head? However, soccer playersknow that there is a proper way to head the ball.
如果你從未踢過足球，頭球看起來對可憐的大腦的確殺傷力很大。如果，生活中的其它時候你看到飛來橫物，你難道沒有躲閃以求護頭？然而，足球運動員是知道頭球路數的。
Yes, there is a technique to meeting aflying ball with your head. Dr. Frank Webbe, is a former soccer referee andcoach who is also a psychologist specializing in sports psychology. He saysthere is good reason to believe that with proper technique, a player's risk forbrain injury is low.
當然，頭球是需要技巧的。前有名足球裁判兼教練Frank Webbe在足球心理學上也有研究。他說有理由相信有技巧的頭球可以降低大腦受傷的幾率。
The problem is that in a fast-paced game ofsoccer, obstacles sometimes prevent a player from heading with good technique.And that's when problems are likely to arise.
可問題在于在踢球這個快節奏的運動中，球員頭球的技巧可能會受限制。這也是問題的關鍵。
Webbe and collaborators tested soccerplayers in neurocognitive performance such as attention, concentration, andspeed of thinking.
Webbe和同事測試了足球運動員的神經認知，比如注意力、集中力、思維反應。
They compared long-time soccer players tonovices, as well as moderate-to-frequent headers to less than moderate headers.In addition, they tested people who had played soccer recently as well aspeople who hadn't played in some time.
他們比較了新老足球運動員,較常頭球的球員和較少頭球的球員，最近常常踢球的人和在一段時間內沒有踢球的人。
The results suggested that more frequentheaders are at more risk for brain injury than less frequent headers. As agroup, frequent headers performed lower on cognition tests in the week after agame of frequent heading than did other subjects.
結果顯示常常頭球的人比較少頭球的人損傷大腦的風險更高。前者總的來說，在長期頭球后的一周內做的認知測試中普遍比后者表現得更差。
Also, players with the highest lifetimeestimates of heading scored lowest overall on these cognition tests. Theresults convince Webbe that heading does indeed pose a threat to brain functionand that more research needs to be done.
此外，球員估計在此生中頭球最多的在認知測試中表現最差。測試結果足以說服Webbe頭球確實有損大腦功能，需要更多研究加以驗證。
