Unit Nine:What Is Intelligence，Anyway?

Asimov explains why there is much more in intelligence than just being able to score high on intelligence tests.

What Is Intelligence, Anyway?

Isaac Asimor

What is intelligence, anyway? When I was in the army I received a kind of aptitude test that all soldiers took and, against a normal of 100, scored 160. No one at the base had ever seen a figure like that and for two hours they made a nig fuss over me. (It didn't mean anything. The next day I was still a buck private with KP as my highest duty.)
All my life I've been registering scores like that, so that I have the complacent feeling that I'm highly intelligent, and I expect other people to think so, too. Actually, though, don't such scores simply mean that I am very good at answering the type of academic questions that are considered worthy of answers by the people who make up the intelligence tests - people with intellectual bents similar to mine?
For instance, I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not possibly have scored more than 80, by my estimate. I always took it for granted that I was far more intelligent than he was. Yet, when anything went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its vitals, and listened to his pronouncements as though they were divine oracles - and he always fixed my car.
Well, then, suppose my auto-repair man devised questions for an intelligence test. Or suppose a carpenter did, or a farmer, or, indeed, almost anyone but an academician. By every one of those tests, I'd prove myself a moron. And I'd be a moron, too. In a world where I could not use my academic training and my verbal talents but had to do something intricate or hard, working with my hands, I would do poorly. My intelligence, then, is not absolute. Its worth is determined by the society I live in. Its numerical evaluation is determined by a small subsection of that society which has managed to foist itself on the rest of us as an arbiter of such matters.
Consider my auto-repair man, again. He had a habit of telling me jokes whenever he saw me. One time he raised his head from under the automobile hood to say: "Doc, a deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails. He put two fingers together on the counter and made hammering motions with the other hand. The clerk brought him a hammer. He shook his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk brought him nails. He picked out the sizes he wanted, and left. Well, doc, the next guy who came in was a blind man. He wanted scissors. How do you suppose he asked for them?"
I lifted my right hand and made scissoring motions with my first two fingers. Whereupon my auto-repair man laughed heartily and said, "Why, you dumb fool, he used his voice and asked for them." Then he said, smugly, "I've been trying that on all my customers today." "Did you catch many?" I asked. "Quite a few," he said, "but I knew for sure I'd catch you." "Why is that?" I asked. "Because you're so goddamned educated, doc, I know you couldn't be very smart."
And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there.

NEW WORDS

aptitude
n. natural ability or skill 能力，才能
normal
n. the usual state or level 正常的狀態或水平
figure
n. 數字
fuss
n. unnecessary expression of excitement, anger, impatience, etc. 大驚小怪
buck private
n. (sl.) common soldier of the lowest rank 列兵
KP (abbr)
kitchen police (a military duty of helping the cooks prepare and serve the food, wash the dishes, and clean up the kitchen) 炊事值勤（員）
register
vt. achieve; write in a list or record 取得；登記
complacent
a. self-satisfactory; pleased with oneself 自滿的；自鳴得意的
highly
ad. to a great degree; very
simply
ad. just; only 僅僅；只不過
academic
a. scholarly, theoretical, not practical; of a college or university 學術的，學究的；學院的
worthy (of)
a. deserving 值得的
bent
n. natural tendency or inclination 嗜好，傾向
similar
a. alike; of the same sort 類似的
auto
n. (short for) automobile 汽車
estimate
n. judgment or opinion about how much, how many, how good, etc. 估計
grant
vt. give or allow (what is asked for) 授予；準予
hasten
vi. go fast; be quick 趕快；急忙
explore
vt. search or examine thoroughly 探索；探究
vitals
n. essential parts of anything; the main bodily organs 主要部件；（人體的）重要器官
pronouncement
n. formal or authoritative statement; opinion 聲明；見解
divine
a. coming from God; sacred 神的；神圣的
oracle
n. 圣言；神諭
devise
vt. think out; plan 想出；設計
carpenter
n. 木匠
academician
n. member of an art, literary or scientific academy or society院士，學會會員
morron
n. stupid person 低能者；蠢人
verbal
a. complicated with words and their use; spoken, not written 詞語的；口頭的
intricate
a. complicated 錯綜復雜
absolute
a. not measured by comparison with other things 絕對的
determine
vt. fix or find out exactly 確定
numerical
n. of a number; shown by numbers 數字的；用數字表示的
evaluation
vt. 估價，評價
evaluate
vt.
subsection
n. part of a section 小組，分部
foist
vt. force (sth.) on another person by fraud or trickery 把...強加于
arbiter
n. judge 仲裁人,公斷人
joke
n. sth. said or done to cause laughter or amusement
automobile
n. 汽車
hood
n. (汽車)引擎罩
doc
(short for) doctor
deaf
a. unable to hear 聾的
dumb
a. unable to speak; stupid 啞的;愚笨的
deaf-and-dumb
a. unable to hear and speak
hardware
n. metal goods such as utensils, tools, nails, etc. 金屬器具
hammer
n. 錘子;榔頭
v. strike repeatedly (with a hammer)
clerk
n. salesclerk; person who works in a shop selling things 店員
scissors
n. 剪刀
scissor
v. cut with scissors
whereupon
ad. upon, at, or after which 于是，因此；然后
heartily
ad. 盡情地
smugly
ad. complacently 沾沾自喜地
goddamned
ad. (sl.) very, extremely
uneasy
a. awkward; not easy in mind or body 局促的；不安的；不安適的

PHRAESE & EXPRESSIONS

make a fuss of / over
為...大驚小怪
worthy of
deserving 值得
make up
prepare ready for use 編制;配制
by one's estimate
據某人估計
take sth. for granted
regard it as true or as certain to happen 認為某事當然
go wrong
stop working as true or as certain to happen 出毛病
pick out
select 挑選
try...on
在...身上試驗
for sure
for certain; certainly 確切地;肯定

PROPER NAMES

Isaac Asimov
艾薩克.阿西莫夫