Suggested answers and explanations
1. washing, brushing, varnishing 見第一段。
2. handling with gloves / freezing samples ( any one of the two ) 見第二段。
3. losing authentic DNA / being contaminated / contamination ( any one of the three) 見第八段“Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed in”(答being contaminated或 contamination比較保險)
4. they are porous porous 的意思是多孔的。見第八段“... which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones.”
5. human evolution 見第十五段。其中“shed light on sth”的意思是使某事顯得非常清楚,使人了解某事。
6. 4 分別為第四段的“an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs”,即歐洲野牛,已經絕跡;第十一段“Neanderthal”, 是人類學用語,尼安德特人,舊石器時代的古人類;第十四段“woolly mammoth”和“cave bear”,其中mammoth是猛犸,一種古哺乳動物。
7. T 見第二段。
8. T 見第四段“Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs.”即他們研究的骨化石是一頭歐洲野牛身上的。
9. NG
10. F 見第十二段第一、二句話。
11. T 見第十二段末句“But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations — just in case.”意即為保險起見,Paabo還是非常希望見到用Geigl建議的方法保存的化石樣本。“just in case” 的意思是以防萬一,就是Paabo對用傳統保存處理的化石不放心的意思。
12. A 見第三段。This information就是前一句中“... just how important conservation practices can be”(to preserve good DNA)。“be hammered”之中hammer一詞的意思是不斷重復強調。
13. D 面信息。需要理解文章各處關于Geigl和她的同事所作的研究。