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Cooking Kills Four Million People a Year
Polluted airborne particle（大氣懸浮顆粒）kill 7 million people a year, reports the World Health Organization.
That news may not come as a surprise to anyone who has seen images of chimneys in Beijing, Delhi or Mexico. But those factories---or even the jammed roadways of modern cities---are not the biggest killer. Each year, some 4.3million people die earlier than they should because of polluted air inside their homes, says the WHO.
What’s causing the air inside people’s homes to be so poisonous that it kills around 11, 000 people a day? Stoves. “ Having an open fire in your kitchen is like burning 400 cigarettes an hour.” says Kirk Smith, a professor at the University of California Berkeley, whose research suggests that household air pollution from cooking killed between 3.5 million and 4million people in 2013.
Not all stoves causes this kind of harm. The ones Smith’s talking about are those that the 3 billion people in the developing world use for heat and cooking, which burn solid fuels such as wood, coal, or crop waste instead of gas. The smoke from those fires produces harmful fine particles and carbon monoxide into homes. Poor ventilation then prevents that smoke from escaping, raising fine particle levels 100 times higher than the limits that the WHO considers acceptable.
Breathing this air day in day out eventually causes lots of disease; more than a third of the 4.3million die of a smoke, while a quarter die of heart disease. And around one-third of annual lung disease deaths worldwide are due to waste from coal stoves.
Exposure lends to be extremely harmful for the people who spend the most time around the fire—usually women and young children. In fact, the WHO reports that household air pollution almost doubles the risk for childhood lung disease.
63. According to Kirk Smith’s research, _______.
A. factories are the biggest killer worldwide nowadays
B. burning 400 cigarettes an hour is extremely dangerous
C. household air pollution from cooking is surprisingly harmful
D. some 4.3 million people die earlier each year than they should
64. What should be the deadly killer in a household kitchens?
A. Solid fuels B. Goal stoves C. Pour gas D. Cooking smoke
65. The underlined word “ventilation” in paragraph means______
A. airing B. cooking C. burning D. cooling
66. The author intent to tell people______
A. how to avoid polluted air in their homes
B. to stop cooking in the household kitchen
C. to guard against household pollution from cooking
D. how to prevent childhood lung diseases in household
D
Your dilemma has two aspects: your employer demands loyalty, but you want to help another working woman. The question is whether you can act properly towards both. Your personal view about the unfair maternity policy makes it complicated. In the United States, paid maternity leave（帶薪產假）is not an automatic benefit guaranteed by the government. Even unpaid leave is only permitted for a limited period with certain working hours.
It’s understandable that you feel such divided loyalties, said Gretchen Zetoony, a licensed clinical expert in Virginia. “On the other hand, you want to be careful not to provide information that might discomfort your employer in a negotiation; on the other hand, it’s natural to feel sympathetic toward someone in a similar situation. Particularly if you see the company’s policy as unfair.” She said.
Before you give advice on negotiating a better maternity-leave package, remember to be careful with what you say. “If you are nervous that your employer could learn you had advised her, that should be a guide for you that you may wander into a questionable area”. Zetoony said.
What happens if your colleagues discover that this applicant benefits simply because of your advice. That may not be formal discrimination but it might creat a bad feeling among colleagues who are not working mothers and who didn’t join your organization armed with insider tips.” In this case, the risk isn’t as much as about betraying your employer or your fellow women as possibly creating conflict in the workplace if colleagues notice that you helped an applicant gain an advantage because you share some personal characteristics.” Zetoony said. If that happens, and you find that your colleagues are whispering about you, or openly complaining, address the situation with a calm sit-down. Explain that you felt you had to help this woman pass her away through the organization’s human-resources maze, and that you would do the same for anyone who asked you for advice.
There might be a better way to help women negotiate maternity leave than advising them, Consider getting together with colleagues who also care about this issue to advocate for bettering family leave policies within your organization, Zetoony suggests. The more employees who join you, the more likely management are to listen, It is also applicable in other components of an employment offer where you will face such a dilemma.
67. One may fall into a dilemma mainly because______
A. he thinks the maternity policy unfair
B. his employer breaks the maternity policy
C. the US government protects his employer
D. his woman colleague asks for a paid leave
68. According to Zetoony, your nervousness might lead to _______
A. your employer’s forgiveness
B. an even more embarrassing situation
C. your employer’s sympathy
D. an exposure to your characteristics
69. From the passage, in a similar dilemma, you’d better_______
A. talk to your employer directly
B. put forward more applicable solutions
C. give your colleagues a helping hand sincerely
D. gather more colleagues to work out better policies
70. What’s the author’s attitude towards maternity leave?
A. Supportive
B. Neutral
C. Negative
D. Critical
