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By the middle of the nineteenth century, a new form of denial achieved great influence, especially in the United States. The new doctrine, associated with the name of Herbert Spencer, was Social Darwinism. In economic life, as in biological development, the overriding rule was survival of the fittest. That phrase-"survival of the fittest"-came, in fact, not from Charles Darwin but from Spencer, and expressed his view of economic life. The elimination of the poor is nature's way of improving the race. The weak and unfortunate being extruded, the quality of the human family is thus strengthened.
19世紀中葉，一種新的解決方案產生了很大影響，尤其是在美國。這一學說與赫伯特·斯賓塞的名字聯系在一起，這就是社會達爾文主義。在經濟生活中，如同在生物進化過程中一樣，主導的規律是適者生存?！斑m者生存”這個短語實際上并不出自查爾斯·達爾文，而是出自斯賓塞。斯賓塞表達了對經濟生活的看法：窮人被淘汰是大自然人類進化的方式。由于弱者和不幸者被消除了，人類大家庭的素質因此得以提高。
One of the most notable American spokespersons of Social Darwinism was John D. Rockefeller-the first Rockefeller-who said in famous speech: "The American Beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it. And so it is in economic life. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God."
美國最著名的社會達爾文進化論的代表人之一是約翰·D·洛克菲勒——第一個洛克菲勒。他在一次著名的演講中說：“美國這朵玫瑰花以其華貴與芳香讓觀眾傾倒贊不絕口。而她之所以能被培植出來，就是因為在早期其周圍的花蕾被掐掉了。在經濟生活中，情況亦是如此。這是自然規律和上帝的意志在起作用?！?/div>
In the course of the present century, however, Social D to be considered a bit too cruel. It declined in popularity, and references to it acquired a condemnatory tone. We passed on to the more amorphous denial of poverty associated with Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover. They held that public assistance to the poor interfered with the effective operation of the economic system-that such assistance was inconsistent with the economic design that had come to serve most people very well. The notion that there is something economically damaging about helping the poor remains with us to this day as one of the ways by which we get them off our conscience.
然而在20世紀，人們認為社會學中的達爾文進化論有點過于殘酷。它遭到了普遍的質疑，提及它時都帶有譴責的口吻。接著我們步入解決方案比較雜亂的時代，它與卡爾文·柯立芝和赫伯特·胡佛有關。他們認為公眾對窮人的幫助會干擾經濟制度的有效運作，這種幫助與很好地服務于大多數人的經濟體制不相符。直到今天，人們仍然持有這種觀點，認為幫助窮人會對經濟造成損失。借此理由，我們可以不為窮人的存在而內疚。
