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Today we are going to talk about the controls of an airplane. Umm, but as you know, I like to talk a bit about the history of things. People generally credit the Wright brothers for having accomplished the first manned flight of an airplane. (16) Their work is very astonishing when you consider they had to do all their own research and there were few precedents for them to look to. Even something as simple as controlling the airplane had to be imagined, tested, developed, and perfected.
Over the past 100 years, the technology of airplanes has changed, but the controls are still similar. (17) You see, an airplane has three axes. Each axis has its own set of fins built into the aircraft's wings. When a pilot moves the fins in the air stream, they react with the air pressure to turn the aircraft.
(18) There are three basic turns of today's airplane. A turn in the lateral axis can make the plane move up or down. A turn in the vertical axis can make the plane left or right. The third axis is the longitudinal axis. This turns the plane spin or roll. For the first two types of turns, the fins turn in the direction of the desired turn. For a spin, the fins turn in opposite directions.
To make a turn on the lateral or vertical axis, a pilot needs only to turn the fins in the direction of the desired turn. For example, if the pilot wants to turn left, he would turn the vertical axis left. The air stream that flows around the aircraft would change, and the aircraft would turn left.
(19) To achieve a spin, the fins go in opposite directions. For example, to spin clockwise, the right fin would turn down, so the right side of the aircraft drops. The left fin would turn right, so that the left side of the aircraft would rise. (19) With one side rising and one side dropping, the aircraft then would perform a spin or roll.
16. Why does the speaker say Wright brothers' invention is astonishing?
17. How many axes does an airplane have?
18. How to make an airplane move up or down according to the lecture?
19. What should a pilot do if he wants the plane to spin?
今天我們將要討論飛機控制的話題。嗯，但是，你們知道的，我想先講講歷史。人們多是歌頌萊特兄弟，是他們實現(xiàn)了飛機的第一次載人飛行。考慮到他們獨立完成研究，并且鮮有先例借鑒的情況，他們的工作是驚人的。就連最簡單的飛機控制都要靠他們來想象、測試、研發(fā)和完善。
在過去的一百年里，飛機技術已發(fā)生改變。但是控制技術基本沒變。一架飛機有三個軸。每個軸控制著各自機翼上的腹鰭。當飛行員移動氣流中的飛機腹鰭時，腹鰭和氣流相互作用以改變航向。
現(xiàn)代飛機有三種基本的操作。推動橫軸會使飛機上下移動。推動垂直軸會使飛機左右轉向。第三個是飛機的水平軸。推動水平軸會使飛機機身旋轉。推動前兩種軸，腹鰭轉動和軸的推動方向一致，推動后一種縱軸，腹鰭轉動和推動方向相反。
要操作橫軸或者垂軸，飛行員只需將腹鰭朝著目標方向推動。例如，如果飛行員想左轉，就將垂軸向左推。飛機周身的氣流將會改變，飛機將會左轉。
想讓飛機旋轉，腹鰭轉動與水平軸推向相反方向相反。例如，想讓飛機順時針旋轉，右腹鰭會下降，所以飛機的右側會下降。左腹鰭會右轉，這樣飛機的左側會上升。飛機一側抬升一側下降，這樣飛機就能實現(xiàn)旋轉。
問題16 為什么演講者認為萊特兄弟的工作是驚人的？
問題17 一架飛機有多少個軸？
問題18 根據(jù)這篇文章，怎樣能讓飛機上下移動？
問題19 如果飛行員想讓飛機腹鰭轉動，那么他應該做什么？
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