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Okay, everyone, today I'm going to tell you about the development of the American educational system. The first American schools opened during the Colonial Era. As the colonies began to develop, many began to establish education schemes. In 1642, the Massachusetts Bay Colony made "proper" education compulsory. Similar laws were accepted in other colonies in the 1640s and 1650s. Almost all of the schools that opened as a result of this were private. (23) Most of the universities which appeared between 1640 and 1750 form the Ivy League, including Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Brown, Princeton, the University of Pennsylvania, and several others. After the revolution, an even heavier emphasis was put on education. This made the United States have one of the highest literacy rates of the time.
The school systems remained largely private and unorganized until the 1840s. Education reformers such as Horace Mann of Massachusetts began calling for public education systems for all. (24) He helped to create a statewide system of "common schools," which referred to the belief that everyone was given the same rights in education. These early efforts focused mainly on elementary education.
The common-school movement began to catch on. By 1900, 31 states required 8-to-14-year-olds to attend school. In 1918, every state required students to complete elementary school. Lessons consisted of students reading aloud from their texts, such as the McGuffery Readers, and emphasis was placed on rote memorization. Teachers often used physical punishments for incorrect answers.
Secondary education progressed much more slowly, remaining the province of the rich and domain of private tutors. In 1870, only 2% of 14-to-17-year-olds graduated from high school. (25) It was obvious that the introduction of strict child labor laws and growing acceptance of higher education in general in the early 20th century caused the number of high school graduates to rise quickly. Most states passed laws which increased the age for compulsory school attendance to 16.
23. Which of the following universities belongs to the Ivy League?
24. What did Horace Mann call for?
25. What led to the quick progress of secondary education later?
好了，同學們，今天我要給你們講一講美國教育體系的形成過程。美國第一批學校在殖民時代開設。隨著殖民地的發展，很多學校開始制定教學計劃。1642年，馬薩諸塞灣殖民地規定了“適當的”義務教育。17世紀40年代至50年代，一些其他的殖民地也制定了相似的法律。因此類法律而建立的學校大多都是私立學校。1640至1750年間興起的常春藤聯盟包括哈佛大學、耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、布朗大學、普林斯頓大學、賓夕法尼亞大學等。工業革命之后，教育更加受到重視。這使得美國成為當時公民文化教育程度最高的國家。
直到18世紀40年代美國教育系統仍在很大程度上處于私立、無組織的狀態。包括馬薩諸塞州霍瑞斯·曼在內的教育改革倡導者們呼吁將教育系統針對全民公共化。他幫助創建了全國范圍內的“公共學校”系統，其主要信條是每個人都應享有同等受教育的權利。這些早期的努力重點放在了初級教育階段。
隨后公共學校運動大受歡迎。到1990年，有31個州要求其8-14歲的兒童接受義務教育。到了1918年，美國所有州要求學生完成小學教育。課程包括大聲朗讀課文，比如《麥加菲讀本》。當時的教育重點在于死記硬背。學生回答錯問題通常會受到老師的體罰。
中學教育的發展十分緩慢，一直局限于比較富裕的省份和私人家教的方式。到1870年，14-17歲的孩子當中高中畢業的人數只占2%。顯然，嚴格的童工保護法的施行和人們對于20世紀早期高等教育的接受程度整體的提升促使高中畢業生人數大量增長。很多州通過了法律將義務教育年限延長至16歲。
問題23 以下哪所大學屬于常春藤聯盟？
問題24 霍瑞斯·曼倡導什么？
問題25 什么促進了中學教育的發展？
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