八、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(the Absolute Construction)
　　獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)是帶有自己邏輯主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)，又稱獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。作為句子的一個(gè)語(yǔ)言單位，其行文簡(jiǎn)單明了，功能多樣。
　　獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的形式
　　1. 名詞(或主格結(jié)構(gòu))+ 動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式
　　Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next week.
　　The plan having been made, what is important is to put it into practice.
　　The duty completed, he had three months’ leave.
　　2. 名詞(或主格代詞)+ 形容詞
　　He entered the room, his nose red with cold.
　　She looked at him expectantly, her eyes full of excitement and curiosity.
　　3. 名詞(或主格代詞)+ 介詞短語(yǔ)
　　I stood at his left, my finger on the button, waiting for the order.
　　The teacher entered the classroom, chalk in one hand, (a) textbook in the other.
　　4. 名詞(或主格代詞)+ 副詞
　　Class over, all the students went out of the classroom.
　　He put on his socks, wrong side out.
　　5. 名詞(或主格代詞)+ 名詞
　　His first shot failure, he fired again.
　　She sat alone in the room, her only company a dying fire.
　　注：以上獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)都可以看作是帶being的分詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的省略形式。加入being就變成了分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
　　Here are the first two volumes, the third one (being) to come out next week.
　　He entered the room, his nose (being) red with cold.
　　I stood at his left, my finger (being) on the button, waiting for the order.
　　6. 介詞with或without引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
　　這種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的一般構(gòu)成為：with / without + 名/代詞 + (分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ))。如：
　　With the old man leading, the two started towards the mountains.
　　She felt nervous, with all eyes fixed on her.
　　Never sleep with the window open in winter.
　　With John away, we’ve got more room.
　　With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived at the station.
　　His wife came down the stairs, with her two-year-old son in her arms.
　　7. “There being + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)
　　There being no money left, we have to change our plan.
　　There being no spare parts, the equipment could not be repaired at once.
　　獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能
　　獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)在句中多作狀語(yǔ)，偶爾也作定語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式、伴隨或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。如：
　　The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom.
　　Weather permitting, the football match will be played next Sunday.
　　The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully.
　　The brave man fought the man-eating tiger, a stick his only weapon.
　　How can I work with you making all that noise?
　　The war was over, without a shot being fired.
　　A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the room.
　　Jenny in trouble was the reason for my rushing there.