Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)

　　Section A

　　47. To test whether children are capable of deductive reasoning.

　　48. integrate/put together

　　49. features of the apparatus and procedure

　　50. Michael Cole and his colleagues.

　　51. Simon Hewson

　　Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)

　　Section A

　　47.從第二段的最后一句“So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning.”和全文的最后一句“...but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning.”可以推斷，三組實(shí)驗(yàn)都是根據(jù)文章開頭所提到的心理學(xué)家 Clark Hull的理論。來驗(yàn)證實(shí)驗(yàn)對象是否有推理能力的。Kendler夫婦的實(shí)驗(yàn)對象是兒童。故可以回答為“To test whether children are capable of deductive reasoning.”。

　　48.結(jié)合第二段倒數(shù)第三句“But they did not for the most part‘integrates’.”和文章第一段“... the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two‘behavior segments' in some novel way，never actually performed before，so as to reach a goal.’”可見如果實(shí)驗(yàn)對象能把兩個行為”“結(jié)合”起來去達(dá)到一個目的，就是具備了推理能力。所以培訓(xùn)實(shí)驗(yàn)對象的時候顯然不會教他們?nèi)绾稳ァ敖Y(jié)合”兩個步驟。故正確答案為“integrate”或者也可以是“put together”。

　　49.文章第三段描述了Michael Cole和同事們的實(shí)驗(yàn)。當(dāng)他們把實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)施換成實(shí)驗(yàn)對象所熟悉的東西時，他們的表現(xiàn)有所改善。可見影響實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的是實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)施的特點(diǎn)。封文章的第四段，作者對此做了總結(jié)：“Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that，for young children，too，the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task demands，but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure.”，作者明確指出無論實(shí)驗(yàn)對象是成人還是兒童，影響他們表現(xiàn)的是實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)施和過程的特點(diǎn)。因此，正確答案為“features of the apparatus and procedure”。

　　50.文章第二段描述Kendler夫婦的實(shí)驗(yàn)時作者提到：“The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble;and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy.”。第四段描述Simon Hewson的實(shí)驗(yàn)時提到：“Then he helped the child to understand that there was no“magic”about the specific marble.”，由此可見只有Michael Cole和他同事的實(shí)驗(yàn)沒有用彈珠了。故正確答案是“Michael Cole and his colleagues.”。

　　51.第四段描述了Simon Hewson在前面兩個研究者的實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上改良了實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)施，對兒童進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果證明五歲和四歲兒童的表現(xiàn)有大幅度提高。由此也證明，前面認(rèn)為孩子不具備推理能力的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論是錯誤的。因此，本題的正確答案是“Simon Hewson”。