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Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories ___1___ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior ___2___ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through ___3___ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in ___4___ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, ___5___ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ___6___ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes ___7___ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are ___8___ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly ___9___ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that ___10___ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment ___11___ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in ___12___ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also ___13___ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; ___14___, children are likely to have less supervision at home ___15___ was common in the traditional family ___16___. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.
Other ___17___ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased ___18___ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing ___19___ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, ___20___ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
1. [A] acting[B] relying[C] centerin[D] cementing
2. [A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because
3. [A] interaction[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation
4. [A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response
5. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else
6. [A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding
7. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with
8. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject
9. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] check[D] reflect
10. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount
11. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length
12. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence
13. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced
14. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously
15. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as
16. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage
17. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible
18. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability
19. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity
20. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing
