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四級(jí)考試完形填空對(duì)名詞的考查主要集中在三個(gè)方面:含有名詞的固定搭配；形近義異或義近形異名詞的辨析；特定語(yǔ)境下名詞的選擇。
一、含有名詞的固定搭配
四級(jí)完形填空經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的考點(diǎn)之一便是對(duì)固定搭配的考查,例如:動(dòng)詞詞組、介詞詞組和名詞詞組。在上述三類(lèi)詞組中,會(huì)出現(xiàn)交叉測(cè)試現(xiàn)象,即對(duì)同一詞組的考查,有時(shí)側(cè)重名詞,有時(shí)則側(cè)重介詞等。考生需具備深厚扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),注意在平時(shí)練習(xí)中對(duì)常見(jiàn)詞組進(jìn)行積累,例如:beyond one’s means(不能用measure,也不能用method,更不能用approach)；by mistake (這個(gè)短語(yǔ)就不能說(shuō)成by error或者by fault)；in the long run (而不是period, interval或time)等等。
Sleep Smart records the distinct pattern of brain waves produced during each phase of sleep, via a head-band equipped with electrodes (電極) and a microprocessor. This measures the electrical activity of the wearer’s brain, in much the same way as some machines used for medical and research , and communicates wirelessly with a clock unit near the bed. You program the clock with the latest time at which you want to be wakened, and it then duly (適時(shí)地) wakes you during the last light sleep phase before that.
A) findings B) prospects C) proposals D) purposes
(2006年6月,CET-4)
[解析]此題是對(duì)名詞的考查。固定搭配for ... purpose 表示"被用于……目的"。此句句意為:它測(cè)量被測(cè)試者腦電活動(dòng),其方式如同一些機(jī)器被用于醫(yī)療和研究一樣。正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為D)。含有名詞的固定搭配在完形填空的測(cè)試中雖對(duì)考生對(duì)文章整體的把握要求較低,但對(duì)考生掌握英語(yǔ)固定搭配短語(yǔ)的質(zhì)和量都提出了很高的要求,這也是對(duì)四級(jí)舊題型詞匯和語(yǔ)法部分的沿襲和延伸。
二、形近義異或義近形異名詞的辨析
形近義異或義近形異名詞的辨析是對(duì)四級(jí)舊題型詞匯和語(yǔ)法部分的另一類(lèi)沿襲和延伸,它在要求考生對(duì)所給四個(gè)名詞做出確切中文解釋的同時(shí),也要求考生對(duì)其細(xì)微差異做出準(zhǔn)確判定。名詞常在用途和數(shù)量上有所區(qū)分。例如:英語(yǔ)中的license (執(zhí)照,許可證) 和certificate (證書(shū),證明),前者是許可某人從事某種職業(yè)的證書(shū),而后者則是證明某人有能力或者曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事的證書(shū),還有:incident (有歷史意義的事件,插曲),event (重大事件,體育比賽的賽事),affair (時(shí)事,要事),emergency (緊急事件)。數(shù)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是考(試大區(qū)分英語(yǔ)名詞的關(guān)鍵,因?yàn)槊~最大的特點(diǎn)就在于其可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)的劃分。例如:work不可數(shù)意義是工作,變成復(fù)數(shù)works 則指作品,也可用來(lái)指工廠。所以,在平時(shí)練習(xí)中,考生應(yīng)培養(yǎng)進(jìn)一步查閱單詞英文解釋的習(xí)慣,并了解單詞背后的文化蘊(yùn)涵,捕獲名詞近義詞之間的微妙差異。
For most of the refugees, the thought of going back brings mixed emotions. The past six months have been difficult. Families of as many as 10 people have had to shelter under a single tent and share cook stoves and bathing 1 with neighbors. "They are looking forward to the clean water of their rivers,"officials say. "They are dreaming of free fresh fruit. They want to get back to their herds and start farming again."But most will be returning to nothing but heaps of ruins. In many villages, electrical lines have not been repaired, nor have roads. Aid workers estimate that it will take years to re-build what the earthquake took away. And for the thousands of survivors, the 2 will never be complete.
1. A) facilities B) instruments C) implements D) appliances
2. A) reservation B) retreat C) replacement D) recovery
(2007年6月,CET-4)[解析]1題屬于完形填空中義近形異名詞的辨析,亦即俗稱(chēng)的名詞近義詞的辨析。給定的四個(gè)名詞都含"工具,器械"的意思,但按照名詞的用途,很容易區(qū)分它們的異同。instrument 指"用于精細(xì)工作或科學(xué)技術(shù)的工具"；implement指"在工作中任何有用或必需的器械", 尤指"較簡(jiǎn)單的農(nóng)田或園藝工具"；appliance特指"家用電器"；facility 常用作復(fù)數(shù)形式表示"設(shè)施"。故得出正確選項(xiàng)A),bathing facilities,洗澡設(shè)施。此外,表示"設(shè)施,工具"的其他近義詞還有:equipment (軍用裝備,野營(yíng)用具) ,apparatus (一整套相連的設(shè)施) ,device (專(zhuān)門(mén)用途的設(shè)施)等。
2題屬于完形填空中形近義異名詞的辨析。四個(gè)詞含義分別為:reservation"保留"；retreat"退卻,退避"；replacement"取代,代替"；re-covery"恢復(fù)"。由句意:對(duì)于成千上萬(wàn)的幸存者,是不可能完全徹底地從這場(chǎng)地震中恢復(fù)的,得出正確選項(xiàng)D)。
三、特定語(yǔ)境下名詞的選擇
四級(jí)完形填空對(duì)名詞的考查不僅僅定位于名詞的固定搭配和辨析,更多考查的是特定語(yǔ)境下名詞的選擇,這也是完形填空的特點(diǎn)所在。考生解答此類(lèi)問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵便是理解名詞所在的上下文的語(yǔ)篇含義。例如:An earthquake hit Kashmir on Oct. 8, 2005. It took some 75,000 lives, injured 130,000 and left nearly 3.5 million without food, jobs or homes. Almost overnight, scores of tent villages bloomed across the re-gion, tended by international aid organizations, military and aid groups working day and night to shelter the survivors before winter set in. A) ranks B) equipment C) personnel D) installations (2007年6月,CET-4)[解析]此題目是對(duì)特殊語(yǔ)境下名詞選擇的考查。先確定四個(gè)給定名詞的含義:rank"軍銜,軍階"；equipment"設(shè)備"；personnel"人員,職員"；installation"安裝,設(shè)置"。再根據(jù)句意:軍隊(duì)人員幫助照顧受災(zāi)民眾,得出正確選項(xiàng)C)。
Try out
Directions:
In this section, there are 4 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D).You should choose the one that best fits into the passage.
Wise buying is a positive way in which you can make your money go further. The 1 you go about purchasing an article or a service can actually save you money or can add to the cost. Take the simple example of a hairdryer. If you are buying a hairdryer, you might think that you are making the best buy if you choose one whose look you like and which is also the cheapest in price. But when you get it home you may find that it takes twice as long as a more expensive model to dry your hair. The cost of the electricity plus the cost of your time could well make your hairdryer the most expensive one of all. So what principles should you adopt when you go out shopping? If you keep your home, your car or any valuable possession in excellent condition, you’ll be saving money in the long 2 . Before you buy a new 3 , talk to someone who owns one. If you can, use it or borrow it to check if it suits your particular 4 . Before you buy an expensive item, or a service, do check the price and what is on offer. If possible, choose from three items or three estimates.
1. A) form B) way C) method D) fashion
2. A) interval B) period C) run D) time
3. A) equipment B) appliance C) utility D) facility
4. A) goal B) task C) function D) purpose
(2005年1月,CET-4)
答案&解析
1題屬于完形填空中義近形異名詞的辨析。給定的前三個(gè)名詞都有“形式”的意思，按照名詞的用途，form 指“具體事物的形式或形態(tài)”；way指“手段，方法(manner, how to do sth )”，比method更為通用，可指單一的技巧也可指復(fù)雜的操作方法，還可以指一些人處理某一問(wèn)題所采用的特殊方法；method指“方法，方式”，指相當(dāng)精心地?cái)M訂的一組方法，并強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)施的效率和精確性。fashion表示“時(shí)尚”，與前三個(gè)名詞詞義差別較大。故得出正確選項(xiàng)考(試大B）：你買(mǎi)一件物品或一項(xiàng)服務(wù)的方式往往可以決定你是在節(jié)省錢(qián)財(cái)還是在增加額外花費(fèi)。
2題是對(duì)名詞的考查。固定搭配“in the long run”表示“長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)，最后”。此句句意為：如果你一直很好地維持你的小家、車(chē)子和寶貴財(cái)產(chǎn)，那從長(zhǎng)期看來(lái)，你就是在節(jié)省金錢(qián)。最后得出正確選項(xiàng)C）。
3題仍然考查義近形異名詞的辨析。給定的四個(gè)名詞都含“工具，器械”的意思，按照名詞的用途，equipment 表示“軍用裝備，野營(yíng)用具”；appliance特指“家用電器”；utility常用于短語(yǔ)public utilities“公用事業(yè)”；facility 常用考(試大作復(fù)數(shù)形式表示“設(shè)施”。此處表示電器，故得出正確選項(xiàng)B）。
4題是對(duì)特殊語(yǔ)境下名詞選擇的考查。先確定四個(gè)給定名詞的含義：goal“目標(biāo)”；task“任務(wù)”；function“功能，作用”；purpose “目的”。再根據(jù)句意：如果可以的話，先試用或借來(lái)使用，看它是否能滿足你特定的使用需求，得出正確選項(xiàng)D）。
n. 功能，函數(shù)，職務(wù)，重大聚會(huì)
vi. 運(yùn)行
