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第五講：篇章閱讀
第一講：4種形式考查對(duì)主旨大意的把握
把握文章的主旨大意（main idea）,有一個(gè)重要的前提就是要通過(guò)略讀了解文章的主題（subject）和行文的結(jié)構(gòu)（structure）。常見的英語(yǔ)文章有四種結(jié)構(gòu)：
①一般特殊型或演繹型。其結(jié)構(gòu)模式是“總論+分論（分論1+分論2……）”，遵循從觀點(diǎn)到材料、從抽象到具體的邏輯法則，各段主題句多位于段落開頭。
②問(wèn)題解決型。其結(jié)構(gòu)模式為“陳述背景+提出問(wèn)題+解決問(wèn)題+適當(dāng)評(píng)價(jià)或分析”，有時(shí)會(huì)舍去背景或分析的部分。
③匹配型。其段落發(fā)展主線為兩種事物之間的對(duì)比，可以是兩種事物相應(yīng)特點(diǎn)之間的對(duì)比，也可以是先介紹一個(gè)事物，再接著介紹另一個(gè)事物。
④辯論型或勸說(shuō)型。一般是提出一個(gè)普遍認(rèn)可的或別人認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)，然后進(jìn)行澄清，說(shuō)明自己的觀點(diǎn)和主張。
在閱讀過(guò)程中，學(xué)習(xí)者如果能夠把握文章的主題和行文結(jié)構(gòu)，就能比較容易地對(duì)下文做出預(yù)測(cè)，從而快速而準(zhǔn)確地把握文章的主旨。
1 文章/段落的主題
解題技巧1
在文章的開頭、結(jié)尾或中間尋找主題句。文章或段落的主題常以主題句的形式出現(xiàn)在文章或段落的開頭或結(jié)尾。在多數(shù)演繹類的說(shuō)明文或議論文中，作者往往開門見山點(diǎn)出主題，然后加以說(shuō)明，在這種文章中，主題句可以在段落或文章的開頭找。在歸納性文章中主題句可能出現(xiàn)在最后一段或最后一句。
解題技巧2
如果文章中沒有出現(xiàn)主題句，可通過(guò)兩種方法概括主旨
①先歸納帶有論點(diǎn)段落的要點(diǎn)，得出段落主旨，然后綜合要點(diǎn)概括推斷全文主旨；
②查找文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的實(shí)詞，并注意總結(jié)這些實(shí)詞周圍的詞的特點(diǎn)，推斷主題
練習(xí)一
Educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investment available in the developing world. Women’s deucation may be unusual territory ofr economists, but enhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue. And economics, with its emphasis on incentives, provides guideposts that point to an explanation for why so many girls are deprived of an education.
Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and bear children. Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school — the prophecy become self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle of neglect.
An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. The education of her daughters then makes it muchi more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys, will be educated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle.
Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits. But it has enormous economic advantage as well. Most obviously, there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers. Wages rise by 10 to 20 percent for each additional year of schooling. Such big returns are impressive by the standard of other available investments, but they are just the beginning. Educating women also has a significant impact on health practices, including family planning.
Q: The passage mainly discussed __________.
A. unequal treatment of boys and girls in developing countries.
B. the major contributions of educated women to society
C. the economic and social benefits of educating women
D. the potential earning power of well-educated womoen
練習(xí)二
Most episodes of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something of wondering shy you just entered a room— are coused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. “You’re supposed to remenmber something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply.”
Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did becaouse you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe. “Your memory itself isn’t failing you,” says Schacter. “ Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.”
Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recie sprots statistics from 30 years ago,” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly becouse they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that.
Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available,” he cautions .If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch,put the pill bottle on the kitchien table — don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.
Another common episode of absent-mindedness:walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember.
Q: What is the passage mainly about?
A. The process of gradual memory loss.
B. The causes of absent-mindedness.
C. The impact of the environment on memory.
D. A way if encoding and recalling.
【解析】1
選C。第一段中作者就說(shuō)在發(fā)展中國(guó)家對(duì)女性開展教育的回報(bào)綠高。中間兩段對(duì)沒有受過(guò)教育和受過(guò)教育的女性對(duì)家庭的影響進(jìn)行對(duì)比。最后一段第一句總結(jié)說(shuō)，女性受教育會(huì)帶來(lái)極大的社會(huì)效益，第二句又指出會(huì)帶來(lái)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。本文的主題在最后一段的這兩句話中得到了完全體現(xiàn)。
【解析】2
選B。第一段的首句說(shuō)造成心不在焉的最主要原因是lack of attention。第二段說(shuō)明心不在焉的機(jī)理。第三段首句說(shuō)心不在焉還有另一種原因。最后兩段分別介紹了防止心不在焉現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的方法以及發(fā)生后補(bǔ)救的方法。所以文章的主要內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是造成心不在焉的原因。
adj. 不平常的，異常的
