Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起輔助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃燒)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (獨自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
　　4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
　　The power failure is a ____.
　　A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
　　C) contributory cause D) none of them
　　注：斷電不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱壞了也可以導致冰箱不工作。
　　Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起輔助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃燒)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (獨自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
　　5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
　　A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
　　C) various types of reasoning
　　D) the causal process
　　注：主題題。文中只提到因果關系推理的幾種操作方法
　　Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（營養不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
　　Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
　　6. The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
　　A) readers how to be popular in with around
　　B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
　　C) parents how to control and guide their children
　　D) people how to understand and respect each other
　　7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them ____.
　　A) have much difficulty understanding each other
　　B) lack confidence
　　C) dare not cope with problems single-handed
　　D) are very much afraid of getting lost
　　8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
　　A) There is no popularity that really counts.
　　B) What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
　　C) It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
　　D) Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.
　　9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
　　A) convincing B) influential
　　C) instructive D) authoritative
　　10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ____.
　　A) differ from others in as many ways as possible
　　B) get into the right season and become popular
　　C) find one's real self
　　D) rebel against parents and the popularity waves
　　Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
　　I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at（attempting to seize） one another's hands for reassurance.
　　注：1.rebel 背叛、反叛
　　2.從第一句話看出本文是文科文章，所以從態度著手，I wish it were so 說明作者是負態度。
　　3.should 虛擬語氣，表示負態度
　　4.reassurance=re+assure-ance 使確信；boldly 勇敢的；strike out 開辟
　　They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up crowded round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon（蠶繭）--- into a larger cocoon.
　　注：1.But 表明作者負態度
　　2.set off 開始 3.end up 結果
　　4.reason 用來解釋前面的現象
　　5.把青少年從眾心理比喻成蠶繭
　　It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
　　注：1.第一句結論句，后面跟著解釋
　　2.第二、三句 Industry... 工業廣告對青少年的影響
　　3.第四句 And many of... 父母親對青少年的影響
　　4.have come to 逐漸如何 award 獎勵，鼓勵； popularity 潮流，名聲