1.He was born in poverty and rose through the ranks of workers' unions to become leader of South America's largest country.
rise through the ranks (通過個(gè)人奮斗)由寒微發(fā)跡
...a quick rise through the ranks
...官職升得很快
2.During his two administrations, he initiated several social welfare programs and resurrected the economy.
initiate發(fā)起
They wanted to initiate a discussion on economics.
他們想發(fā)起一次關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的討論 。