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Violence is more than a criminal problem.
暴力行為不只是犯罪問題。
It's also a public health issue.
同時這也是公共健康問題。
More than 6,000 people are injured annually due to violence, mostly young people in low-income neighborhoods.
每年暴力行為使得超過6000人受傷，主要是低收入社區的年輕人。
Jobs programs for teens done with school have proven costly and seem to do little to reduce violence.
學校為青少年提供的工作代價高昂，但在減少暴力行為方面收效甚微。
But summer employment for kids still in school may be effective, according to a study by criminologist Sara Heller at the Universityof Pennsylvania.
而賓夕法尼亞大學刑事學者薩拉?海勒的一項研究顯示在校青少年暑期打工或許能起到些作用。
She followed more than 1,600 young people, many of whom took part in a Chicago program called One Summer Plus.
這項研究對1600多名年輕人進行了跟蹤調查，而當中很多人都參加了名為暑期打工的芝加哥項目。
It offers 8-week stints at jobs such as camp counselors, community gardeners, or government office workers at minimum wage.
青少年要從事為期8周的工作，諸如夏令營顧問、社區園丁或作為政府工作人員領著最低工資。
One group of kids worked 25 hours a week, with an adult mentor.
其中一組成員在一位成年導師的監督下一周要工作25小時。
Another group worked 15 hours and got 10 hours of social-emotional education.
另一組工作15小時并接受10小時的感性教育。
A control group got nothing.
相比之下對照組則不需要工作。
Based on school and police records,Heller found a 43 percent decrease in violent crime in the two groups that had jobs.
最終根據學校及警方記錄，海勒發現參加工作兩個小組成員的暴力犯罪率降低43%。
This lasted long after the program ended.
而這在項目結束后持續了很久。
The work apparently helps students learn to manage conflict, reduce frustration and improve self control.
很顯然打工幫助學生們學會控制沖突、減少挫敗感并改善自我控制力。
Heller concludes that intervention programs can be low-cost and effective, “even for a problem as destructive and complex as youth violence.”
海勒總結認為即使青少年暴力這種既具破壞性又復雜的問題，干預項目成本低而且行之有效。
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