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商務實戰應用文寫法精講:合同與協議的區別(1)

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結構特點

合同類法律文件用以規定當事人的權利與義務,是預防與解決爭議的依據。合同英語行文慎密而準確,歷史悠久,深含法律文化底蘊。

中文的合同開頭一般先羅列當事人的名稱、姓名、住所或營業場所,然后是合同正文,結尾是當事人印章、授權代表簽字、職務及簽字日期。而英語合同一般以下面這類句式為開頭:

This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")

然后是開始陳述:

WHERE… It is hereby agreed as follows:

或以:

WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…

NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:

接著是正文,最后是證明部分:

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.

隨后還包括當事人和見證人的簽字。簽字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。

下面列出新加坡、美國、香港和日本的合同格式。

A. 新加坡

Agreement

THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "The Mangager") of the other part.

WHEREAS:

1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.

2.

…。

NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:

1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company's IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September

2.

…。

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.

THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO

Duties of Manger

1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.

2.

3.

SIGNED by Roger Tan

For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD

In the presence of

SIGNED by TERESA WONG

In the presence of

新加坡的通用合同分五部分:

第一部分:稱為parties, 主要介紹合同各方的姓名或名稱,注冊地國及地址、郵編及各自在合同的簡稱。開頭框架一般為:

THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part.

句子開頭THIS AGREEMENT

或CONTRACT和當事人的姓名和名稱,都應大寫。當事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相連;是法人或非法人單位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注冊地址相連。

第二部分:稱為recital.以WHEREAS開頭,進入敘述部分,用陳述正式說明當事人訂立合同的原因。

第三部分:稱為habendum,正文。具體約定當事人的權利和義務。正文部分的結束段為:

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. ,

這段作用相當于中文合同的“雙方簽字蓋章,特此為證”。

第四部分:稱為schedule或addendum,附錄。是對前述合同部分條款的必要補充。不是所有合同都有這一項。

第五部分:稱為attestation,證明部分。當事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __” 英文寫作翻譯;連接后填寫見證姓名的表達部分“In the presence of ____”;當事人是法人或非法人單位時,授權代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______.與中文合同的顯著不同是簽章處除當事人外,多了一個In the presence of _______供證人簽字之處。另一不同的是合同訂立日期沒有放在合同最后,而是出現在開頭段的當事人介紹部分。

第五部分在新加坡還有另一種表達“As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.

Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named

In the presence of

Signature

Address

Occupation

上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式與之相比大同大異,有的合同中不含附錄。

B. 美國 ,

APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR

AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.

WHEREBY

IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:

1. THAT the Company shall …

2. This agreement shall commence on …。

3.

4.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned

SIGNED BY

Name :

Designation :

For and on behalf of : (signature)

Contractor :

Designation :

For and on behalf of : (signature)

本合同分為四個大部分(缺附錄,schedule)。與上一合同基本相同,但第一段沒有謂語,不是個完整的句子。個別用詞與前一合同有差別。最后落款處還多了了“職務”,即designation(有的合同還慣用position)。

C. 香港

CONTRACT

CONTACT NO.

SIGNING DATE/PLACE

THE BUYER: Name

Legal Address

Contact

THE SELLER: Name

Legal Address

Contact

This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.

Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.

1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT

2. PRICE

3. PAYMENT譯

4. PACKING

5.

IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.

THE BUYER THE SELLER

___________ ___________

By:__________ By:__________

Date:——_________ Date:——_________

THE END USER

___________

By: __________

Date: ——____-_________

比起前兩個合同,該買賣合同的不同之處于在于,合同開頭出現了合同編號和簽署日期,當事人名稱或姓名采用簡單列舉式。證明部分用完成時被動態,最后落款處SIGNED

BY項目,但增加了最終用戶一項。

D. 日本

SERVICE AGREEMENT

This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B")

WITNESSTH:

WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and

WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B's request)

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:

1.

2.

3.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.

______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd.

(signature) (signature)

MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR

該合同也由四大部分構成,與上述合同最大的不同在于,在敘述部分上端加了一個WITNESSETH(鑒于),最后落款處也沒有SIGNED BY 項目,但授權簽字代表的職位真接打出來,放在簽字的下一行。別外,當事人的簡稱部分用的都是大寫。

相比之下,英文合同除個別地方外,整個合同的段落排列,句式和用詞大同小異。在草擬英文合同時,只要仿用上述任何一個,都算是地道的英文表達。

用詞特點(formal term)

合同英語的用詞極其考究,具有特定性。要求選詞專業化(professional)、正式(formal)、準確(accurate)。具體體現在下列方面:

1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)對學過英語的人再熟悉不過,但在合同中用這些詞時要極其謹慎。權利義務的約見定部分構成了合同的主體。這幾個詞如選用不當,可能會引起糾紛。

may 旨在約定當事人的權利(可以做什么),Shall約定當事人的義務(應當做什么時候), must 用于強制性義務(必須做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性義務(不得做什么)。May do 不能說成can do, shall do, 不能說成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美國一些法律文件可以用shall not,但絕不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在約定解決爭議的途徑時的,可以說

The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.

Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.

本句中的shall 和may表達準確。出現爭議后應當先行協商,所以采用了義務性“約定”,如果協商解決不了,作為當事人的權利,用選擇性約定may也很妥當。如果may和shall調換位置會怎么樣? 前半句的shall換用may后,意思變成了當事人可以通過協商解決,意思上說得過去,但后半句的may換用shall 后,變成了應當訴訟解決,好象一出事,就要先見官,這就有些不友好了。

本句可譯:雙方首先應通過友好協商,解決因合同而發生的或與合同有關的爭議。如果協商未果,合同中又無仲裁條款約定或爭議發生后未就仲裁達成協方的,可將爭議提交有管轄權的人民法院解決。

2. 正式用語(formal term)

合同英語有著嚴肅的風格,與其它英語作品有很大不同。

例如:

“因為”的短語多用“by virtue of ",遠遠多于”due to“一般不用”because of “;

“財務年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;

“在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;

“關于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不會用“about”;

“事實上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;

“開始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;

“停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;

“何時開會并由某某主持”的表述為:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.

其中“召開”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;

“其他事項”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”;

“理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;

“認為”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;

“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。

重點單詞   查看全部解釋    
dispute [di'spju:t]

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v. 爭論,爭議,辯駁,質疑
n. 爭論,爭吵

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payment ['peimənt]

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n. 支付,付款,報償,報應

 
recital [ri'saitl]

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n. 背誦,吟誦,詳述 n. 獨奏會,獨唱會

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fiscal ['fiskəl]

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adj. 財政的,國庫的

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prior ['praiə]

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adj. 優先的,更重要的,在前的
adv.

 
senior ['si:njə]

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adj. 年長的,高級的,資深的,地位較高的

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dispatch [dis'pætʃ]

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v. 派遣,迅速做完,立即處死
n. 派遣,發

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understand [.ʌndə'stænd]

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vt. 理解,懂,聽說,獲悉,將 ... 理解為,認為<

 
virtue ['və:tju:]

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n. 美德,德行,優點,貞操

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construe [kən'stru:]

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v. 解釋,翻譯 vt. 解釋

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