一、演繹推理論證法

　　將一個具體的事例運用到一個一般性原則從而得出結論。

　　論點:Demand for this product wii go up。

　　論據:The price of the product is sliding.

　　推理依據:Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.

　　(說明:由論據“the price of the product is sliding ”推出論點“Demand for this product will go up”,這個過程是否有效取決于推理依據“whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises”是否成立。下面每一種論證方法都是如此)

　　二、定義法

　　界定一個概念的關鍵內涵;或者認定某個事物符合某個定義，從而得出結論。例如:

　　論點:Radical feminists are not good citizens.

　　論據:Radical feminists lack family values.

　　推理依據:Family values characterize the good citizes.

　　三、因果關系論證法

　　將一個判斷放入一個因果關系中，指出它或者是原因，或者是結果。例如:

　　論點:The internet may be causing depression.

　　論據:When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.

　　推理依據:There are no other reasons for the group's depression.

　　四、歸納推理論證法

　　從若干個具體事例中推出共性的一般結論。如:

　　論點:Everyone likes the movie.

　　論據:I know three people who like the movie.

　　推理依據:Three eaxmples are enough.

　　五、列舉特征式論證法

　　指出某事物發生或者生存的征候或者跡象。例如:

　　論點:The child has chickenpox.

　　論據:The child has red spots.

　　推理依據:These spots are signs of chickenpox.

　　六、類比論證法

　　用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較，并用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分為三種:縱向類比(過去的事物同現在的、同一類事物的類比)、橫向類比(同一 時期、同一事物之間的類比)、比喻式類比(不同類別事物之間的類比)。例如:

　　1.縱向類比(Historical analogy)

　　論點:Many people will die of SARS.

　　論據:Many people died of the Black Death.

　　推理依據:SARS and Black Death are similar.

　　2.橫向類比(Literal analogy)

　　論點:China should have its fighter carriers.

　　論據:A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.

　　推理依據:The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.

　　3.比喻式類比(Metaphorical analogy)

　　論點:Reading a difficult book should take time.

　　論據:Digesting a large metal takes time.

　　推理依據:Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.

　　七、引用權威論證法

　　引用公認的權威，或者論證自己就是權威從而對自己的觀點加以論證。例如:

　　論點:China's economy will grow 8 poercent this year.

　　論據:Professors and scientists say so.

　　推理依據:These experts are reliable.

　　八、訴諸嘗試法

　　利用人們的常識【包括:普遍的價值觀念、人的普遍動機、生活常識】進行論證。例如:

　　1.訴諸普遍性的價值觀念。

　　論點:The university curriculum should be multicultural.

　　論據:A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.

　　推理依據:You value equality and acceptance.

　　2.訴諸普遍動機

　　論點:You should support this candidate premier.

　　論據:The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.

　　推理依據:You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.

　　3.訴諸生活常識

　　論點:She was very kind to me.

　　論據:She treated me with the best tea she had.

　　推理依據:A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.

　　九、反證法

　　假設一個觀點是正確的，然后卻推導出荒謬的結論。例如:

　　論點:An industrious man must also be thrifty.

　　論據:With only industry but without thrift ，the person will end uo bankrupt.

　　推理依據:An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.

　　十、統計數據論證法

　　提供數據，以資論證。例如:

　　論點:We should end the current poverty-relief program.

　　論據:It costs $45 million per year.

　　推理依據:This is too much;it proves we should end it.

　　只是一個詳細的結構上的分析說明，在具體運用時，我們經常講推理依據和論據放在了一起，但只要合理即可。論據可以自己編造，也可以是大眾的例子，關鍵在于自己怎么樣建立論點和論據之間的橋梁。上面的這些技巧，可能我們只用到某種或某幾種，但我們必須得會至少一種。