評(píng)論
打印
The community living within the castle complex was sometimes quite large, although numbers varied greatly depending on the place and period.
居住在堡壘建筑群內(nèi)的社區(qū)有時(shí)相當(dāng)大，盡管數(shù)量因地點(diǎn)和時(shí)期而有很大差異。
For example, the Templar Crusader castle of Safed in northern Israel, which was rebuilt around 1260, had a capacity for 2,200 soldiers in wartime and a permanent garrison in peacetime of 1,700 men.
例如，1260年左右重建的以色列北部的薩法德圣殿騎士十字軍堡壘，戰(zhàn)時(shí)可容納2200名士兵，和平時(shí)期可容納1700人的永久駐軍。
On the other hand, in the 15th century, many castles run by Spanish military orders saw their communities dwindle to just one or two knights and a few servants.
另一方面，在15世紀(jì)，許多由西班牙軍事團(tuán)體管理的堡壘，其社區(qū)人數(shù)減少到只有一兩名騎士和幾名仆人。
Provided that they were far away from the border with al-Andalus, the area of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule, these castles had little to threaten them, and, therefore, little need for defenders.
如果這些堡壘遠(yuǎn)離穆斯林統(tǒng)治下的伊比利亞半島的邊界--安達(dá)盧斯，那就幾乎沒(méi)有什么威脅，因此也就不需要防御力量。
Even before this, in 1271, King James I of Aragon had authorized the warden of the strategic fortress of Biar in Alicante, on the border with Castile, to remain there with just 12 men, one woman, one mule, and three dogs.
甚至在更早的1271年，阿拉貢國(guó)王詹姆斯一世就授權(quán)阿利坎特與卡斯蒂利亞接壤的戰(zhàn)略要塞比亞爾的守衛(wèi)，只帶12名男子、一名女子、一頭騾子和三條狗留守。
Whether the castle community was large or small, its members needed space to live; to store food, water, and livestock; and to carry out domestic and artisanal activities.
無(wú)論堡壘社區(qū)是大是小，它的成員都需要居住的空間；儲(chǔ)存食物、水和牲畜；并開(kāi)展家政和手工活動(dòng)。
The oldest fortresses, those located in volatile border areas, or those that had faced the vicissitudes of war were generally not very comfortable environments given their military emphasis.
那些最古老的堡壘，那些位于動(dòng)蕩的邊境地區(qū)，或者那些經(jīng)歷過(guò)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)變遷的堡壘，由于其軍事重點(diǎn)，通常環(huán)境不是很舒適。
Other castles, meanwhile, offered all kinds of comforts to their occupants, including latrines, cisterns, wells, hearths, kitchens, ovens, and, of course, chapels.
與此同時(shí)，其他堡壘為居住者提供了各種舒適設(shè)施，包括廁所、蓄水池、水井、壁爐、廚房、烤箱，當(dāng)然還有小教堂。
As they served as centers for collecting feudal rents, generally paid in kind, some complexes had extensive storerooms for keeping these goods.
由于它們是收取封建租金--通常以實(shí)物支付--的中心，一些建筑群有大量的儲(chǔ)藏室來(lái)存放這些貨物。
It was not uncommon for castles to have their own bakeries, distilleries, and forges.
堡壘擁有自己的面包店、釀酒廠和鍛造廠并不罕見(jiàn)。
Some major fortresses included large reception rooms, where kings, nobles, and prelates could flaunt their status.
一些主要的堡壘還有大型接待室，國(guó)王、貴族和高級(jí)教士可以在這里炫耀他們的地位。
While the furniture in these rooms tended to be austere, the decoration was elaborate.
雖然這些房間里的家具往往很簡(jiǎn)樸，但裝飾卻很精致。
The walls and ceilings were often adorned with paintings or hung with tapestries which, as well as being decorative, provided insulation from damp and drafts.
墻壁和天花板上經(jīng)常裝飾著畫作或掛著掛毯，這些掛毯除了具有裝飾性外，還能防潮和防風(fēng)。
For over 500 years, medieval castles provided defense and bragging rights for their inhabitants.
500多年來(lái)，中世紀(jì)的堡壘為其居民提供了防御和炫耀的權(quán)利。
But by the 16th century, the development of modern artillery had rendered many medieval castles obsolete.
但到了16世紀(jì)，現(xiàn)代火炮的發(fā)展使許多中世紀(jì)堡壘變得過(guò)時(shí)了。
Cannonballs had the power to damage castle walls, making their design impractical and ineffective.
炮彈有破壞堡壘墻壁的能力，由此使它們的設(shè)計(jì)變得不切實(shí)際和無(wú)效。
Over time, the traditional castle design with high walls surrounding a stone keep perched high on a motte was slowly replaced by a new model of fortification built to withstand cannon fire.
隨著時(shí)間的推移，傳統(tǒng)的堡壘設(shè)計(jì)--高墻環(huán)繞著位于土丘高處的石砌堡壘，慢慢地被一種新的防御工事所取代，這種防御工事是為了抵御大炮的射擊而建造的。
These new fortifications were cannon-proofed with bastions and thick angular walls that were sunk into the ground.
這些新的防御工事通過(guò)設(shè)置棱堡和厚實(shí)被埋入地下的傾斜墻壁來(lái)抵御炮火。
As for the existing castles, some were converted into palaces, lightly fortified residences with large windows knocked into the previously impenetrable walls, added facilities, and perhaps even gardens.
至于現(xiàn)存的堡壘，有些被改造成宮殿，這些宮殿是輕度防御的住宅，原本堅(jiān)不可摧的墻壁上被敲出了大窗戶，增加了設(shè)施，甚至可能還有花園。
The Alca?zar de Segovia in Spain, for example, was built as a fort in the 12th century and later became a palace for the Castilian monarchs.
例如，西班牙的塞哥維亞城堡是在12世紀(jì)作為堡壘建造的，后來(lái)成為卡斯蒂利亞君主的宮殿。
Many old castles, however, were abandoned.
然而，許多古老的堡壘被遺棄了。
In modern times, some have been converted into museums and monuments -- Caen Castle is now home to the Normandy museum, and Scarborough Castle, while in ruins, is a tourist attraction in North Yorkshire.
在現(xiàn)代，一些堡壘被改造成博物館和紀(jì)念碑--卡昂城堡現(xiàn)在是諾曼底博物館的所在地，而斯卡伯勒城堡雖然已成為廢墟，但卻是北約克郡的一個(gè)旅游景點(diǎn)。
Having withstood violent battles, technological advances, and the weight of several centuries, these crumbling but still majestic structures stand as silent witnesses to, and symbols of, an era in which they played a central role in the history of Europe.
在經(jīng)歷了激烈的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的滄桑之后，這些破敗但仍然雄偉的建筑，成為那個(gè)時(shí)代的無(wú)聲見(jiàn)證和象征，它們?cè)跉W洲歷史上發(fā)揮了核心作用。
