評論
打印
The JAMA study didn’t pinpoint the reasons for the decreased death rate,
《美國醫學會雜志》沒有指出死亡率降低的原因，
but the authors explained that most errors made by doctors are connected to a tendency to form opinions quickly, based on experience.
但是作者們解釋，醫生犯的大多數錯誤都跟他們傾向基于經驗快速形成觀點有關。
In cases that are not routine, the expert doctors may miss important aspects of the problem that are not consistent with their initial analysis.
在一些非常規的情況下，專家醫生可能會忽略與他們最初分析不一致的問題的重要方面。
As a result, although junior doctors may be slower and less confident in treating run-of-the-mill cases,
結果就是，雖然初級醫生在治療普通病例時可能速度較慢，也缺乏信心，
they can be more open-minded with unusual cases. Fortunately, psychologists have found that anyone can unfreeze his or her thinking.
對于不尋常的情況，他們可以更加開明。幸運的是，心理學家發現，任何人都可以打破自己的固化思維。
One of the most effective ways is to introduce a little discord to one’s intellectual interactions.
最有效的方法之一是在智力交流中引入一點不一致的觀點。
Consider a study performed about half a century ago.
參考一個大概半個世紀以前的研究。
The researcher showed two groups of female volunteers a sequence of blue slides.
研究人員向兩組女性志愿者展示了一系列藍色幻燈片。
In both groups, he asked each individual to state the color of each slide.
在兩組中，他要求每個人陳述每張幻燈片的顏色。
In the experimental group, he had planted some actors who called the color green rather than blue.
在實驗組，他安排了一些演員，他們稱這種顏色為綠色而不是藍色。
Whom were they fooling? Nobody. The experimental subjects ignored the deviant responses.
他們在欺騙誰?沒有人。實驗組的人忽略了異常的回答。
When their turns came, most of them answered blue, just as the control group had.
當輪到他們的時候，大多數人的回答都是藍色的，就像對照組一樣。
Then the subjects were asked to classify a series of paint chips as either green or blue, even though their color lay between those two pure colors.
然后，研究人員讓受試者將一系列油漆芯片分為綠色和藍色，即使它們的顏色介于這兩種純色之間。
Amazingly, the people who’d been in the experimental group identified many chips as green while those from the control group called the same ones blue.
令人驚訝的是，實驗組的人把很多芯片都標為綠色，而控制組的人把同樣的芯片標為藍色。
Even though no one in the experimental group had been convinced by the actors before,
之前，盡管實驗組中沒有人被演員說服過，
their exposure to the earlier misidentification had shifted their judgment and made them more open to seeing a color as green.
但是早期錯誤識別的經歷改變了他們的判斷，使他們更容易看到綠色。
Other experiments have shown that dissent can not only sway us with regard to the issue at hand;
其他的實驗說明了異議不僅能影響我們對當下問題的看法，
it can also thaw frozen thinking in general, even in contexts unrelated to the original discussion.
它也能打破一般情況下的固化思維，即使是在與最初討論不相關的情況中。
What this all means is that, as difficult as it can sometimes be, talking to people who disagree with you is good for your brain.
這意味著，盡管有時候很困難，但是和你意見不一致的人交流對你的大腦是有益的事情。
So if you hate conspiracy theories and run into someone who believes that we faked the moon landing, don’t walk away.
所以如果你討厭陰謀論，遇到了一個相信我們偽造了登月的人，不要走開。
Have tea with him or her. It can broaden your thinking in countless ways.
和那位先生或女士喝杯茶。它可以在無數方面開拓你的思維。
