The second method is where there is no time for previous circulation, or there is some other reason why the paper can not been circulated. In that case, of course, the paper will have to be read aloud to the group, who will probably make their own notes on it while they are listening.

In this talk, I'm going to concentrate on the first method, where the paper is circulated in advance, as this is the most efficient way of conducting a seminar, but most of what I am going to say also applies to the second method, and indeed may be useful to remember any time you have to speak in public.

You will probably be expected to introduce your paper even if it has been circulated beforehand. There are two good reasons for this, one is that participants may have read the paper but forgotten some of the main points.

The second reason is that some of the participants may not in fact have had time to read your paper, although they may have glanced through it quickly. They will therefore not be in a position to comment on it, unless they get some idea of what it's all about.

When you are introducing your paper, what you must not do is simply read the whole paper aloud, this is because, firstly, if the paper is a fairly long one, there may not be enough time for discussion.

From your point of view, the discussion is the most important thing. It is very helpful for you if other people criticize your work, in that way, you can improve it.

Secondly, a lot of information can be understood when one is reading. It is not so easy to pick up detailed information when one is listening. In other words, there may be lack of comprehension or understanding.