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You can imagine the effect that Hofstede's findings had on people in the aviation industry.
可以想象霍夫斯泰德的研究結(jié)果將對(duì)飛行領(lǐng)域的人們產(chǎn)生怎樣重大的影響。
What was their great battle over mitigated speech and teamwork all about after all?
我們究竟需要在舒緩語(yǔ)氣或團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作方面做出怎樣的努力？
It was an attempt to reduce power distance in the cockpit.
這意味著我們需要降低駕駛艙內(nèi)的權(quán)利距離指數(shù)。
Hofstede's questions about power distance-"How frequently, in your experience, does the following problem occur: employees being afraid to express the disagreement with their managers?"
霍夫斯泰德關(guān)于權(quán)利距離的提問(wèn)——“在你的經(jīng)歷中，你遇到過(guò)多少次‘雇員因害怕權(quán)威而不敢對(duì)管理人員表達(dá)不同意見(jiàn)’的事情？”
It was the very question aviation experts were asking first officers in their dealings with captains.
對(duì)于飛行專家來(lái)說(shuō)，在問(wèn)到副駕如何同機(jī)長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行溝通時(shí)，這是個(gè)非常合適的問(wèn)題。
And Hofstede's work suggested something that had not occured to anyone in the aviation world:
并且霍夫斯泰德的研究工作提出了任何一位飛行專家從未提出的問(wèn)題，那就是：
that the task of convincing first officers to assert themselves was going to depend an awful lot on their culture's power distance rating.
文化的權(quán)利距離指數(shù)決定了飛行員是否能夠說(shuō)服自己去發(fā)表見(jiàn)解。
That's what Ratwatte meant when he said that no American would have been so fatally intimidated by the controllers at Kennedy Airport.
懷特瓦特也提到了這一點(diǎn)，肯尼迪機(jī)場(chǎng)空管員的威懾?zé)o法影響任何一位美國(guó)人，
America is a classic low power-distance culture.
因?yàn)槊绹?guó)是個(gè)低權(quán)利距離指數(shù)國(guó)家。
When push comes to shove, Americans fall back on their American-ness,and that American-ness means that you think of the air traffic controller as you're equal.
當(dāng)他們感到有壓力時(shí)，他們就會(huì)對(duì)抗。在美國(guó)人看來(lái)，他們同空管員同樣重要。
But what country do you find at the other end of the power distance scale? Colombia.
但是哪個(gè)國(guó)家的權(quán)利距離指數(shù)最高呢？哥倫比亞。
In the wake of the Avianca crash, the psychologist Robert Helmreich, who has done more than anyone to argue for the role of culture in explaining pilot behavior,
鑒于阿維安卡事件，心理學(xué)家羅伯特·荷蒙比任何人都更加強(qiáng)調(diào)文化因素在飛機(jī)失事原因中的重要性。
wrote a brilliant analysis of the accident in which he argued that you couldn't understand Klotz's without first taking into account his nationality,
在研究對(duì)比了一系列事故后，他寫(xiě)下了大量的分析資料。霍夫斯泰德指出，每種文化都對(duì)階層表現(xiàn)出不同的態(tài)度。如果不考慮克魯茲國(guó)籍對(duì)此事件的影響，你就無(wú)法理解他的行為。
that his predicament that day was uniquely the predicament of someone who had a deep and abiding respect for authority. Helmreich wrote:
那天他所處的困境，也是所有敬畏權(quán)威的人士將會(huì)面臨的困境。荷蒙寫(xiě)道：
