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We live in an interconnected, an increasingly globalized world.
我們生活在互相聯系越來越頻繁的世界里。
Thanks to international jet travel,
因為國際航班，
people and the diseases they carry can be in any city on the planet in a matter of hours.
無論人類還是疾病，都能被帶到任何地方，到地球上的任何一個城市，也不過十幾個小時而已。
And once a virus touches down, sometimes all it takes is one sneeze to spread the infection throughout the community.
而一旦病毒登陸，有時只需一個小噴嚏，就能使整個社區被病毒感染。
When humans were hunter-gatherers, roaming the wild savannas, we were never in one place long enough,
當還是野人時，大家在野生熱帶樹林里狩獵，從不會在一個地方停留過久，
and settlements were not large enough to sustain the transmission of infectious microbes.
而且他們居住地也不大，從而防止病菌傳播。
But with the advent of the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago,
在一萬年前，隨著農業革命的出現，
and the arrival of permanent settlements in the Middle East,
中東地區人類的居住地逐漸出現，
people began living side-by-side with animals,
使人們開始與動物生活在同一屋檐下，
facilitating the spread of bacteria and viruses between cattle and humans.
促進了牲畜與人類之間細菌和病毒的傳播速度。
Epidemics and pandemics come in many shapes and forms.
傳染病和流行病來自于各種形式。
In 2010, for instance, a devastating earthquake struck Haiti, forcing thousands of people into temporary refugee camps.
例如，2011年毀滅性的地震襲擊了海地，迫使數以萬計的海地人民要住在臨時的難民營，
Within weeks, the camps had become breeding grounds for cholera,
在幾個星期內，難民營就發生了霍亂，
a bacteria spread by contaminated water, triggering a country-wide epidemic.
這是一種通過污染水源傳播的疾病，它誘發了遍及全國的傳染病。
But the most common cause of epidemics are viruses, such as measles, influenza and HIV.
但是傳染病最普遍的病原體是病毒，例如麻風病毒，流行性感冒和艾滋病病毒。
And when they go global, we call them pandemics.
當它們走向全球，我們把它們稱作流行病。
