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Oliver Cromwell
頗具爭議的克倫威爾
Oliver Cromwell was born on 25 April 1599 in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire into a family of minor genre and studied at Cambridge University. He became member of parliament for Huntingdon in the parliament of 1628-1629. In the 1630s Cromwell experienced a religious crisis and became convinced that he would be guided to carry out God's purpose. He began to make his name as a radical Puritan.
奧利弗克倫威爾1599年4月25日出生于英國劍橋郡亨廷頓的一個小貴族家庭，求學于劍橋大學。他在1628—1629年議會中成為亨廷頓議會的議員。17世紀30年代，克倫威爾經歷了一次宗教危機，而后他開始相信他將受到指引，執行上帝的意愿。克倫威爾開始以激進的清教徒身份而聞名。
Civil war broke out between Charles I and parliament in 1642. Although Cromwell lacked military experience, he created and led a superb force of cavalry, the ‘Ironsides’, and rose from the rank of captain to that of lieutenant-general in three years. He convinced parliament to establish a professional army, the New Model Army, which won the decisive victory over the king’s forces at Naseby (1645). The king’s alliance with the Scots and his subsequent defeat in the Second Civil War convinced Cromwell that the king must be brought to justice. He was a prime mover in the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649 and subsequently sought to win conservative support for the new republic by suppressing radial elements in the army. Cromwell became army commander and lord lieutenant of Ireland, where he crushed resistance with the massacres at Drogheda and Wexford (1649).
1642年國王查理一世和議會的矛盾激化，英國內戰爆發。雖然克倫威爾缺乏軍事經驗，但他創建并帶領了一支優秀的騎兵部隊“勇敢之人”，僅用了3年，就從上尉升至中將。他說服議會組建一支專業軍隊一新模范軍。1645年，新模范軍在納西比與國王軍隊的交鋒中取得決定性勝利。國王和蘇格蘭的結盟以及國王隨后在二次內戰中的敗北讓克倫威爾堅信國王必須要歸案受審。克倫威爾推動了1649年對查理一世的審判和處決。隨后，為了新共和國，他鎮壓軍中的激進力量，以尋求保守勢力的支持。1649 年，克倫威爾成為軍隊總司令和愛爾蘭總督。他在德洛格達和韋克斯福德實施大屠殺，鎮壓愛爾蘭的抵抗。
Cromwell then defeated the supporters of the king’s son Charles II at Dunbar and Worcester, effectively ending the civil war. In 1653, frustrated with lack of progress, he dissolved the rump of the Long Parliament and, after the failure of his Puritan convention made himself lord protector. At home, Cromwell reorganised the national church， established Puritanism readmitted Jews into Britain and supported over a certain degree of religious tolerance. Abroad, he ended the war with Portugal and Holland and allied with France against Spain, defeating the Spanish at the Battle of the Dunes.
克倫威爾隨后在登巴和沃塞斯特擊敗了國王的兒子查理二世，高效地結束了內戰。1653年，長期議院的清教徒大會推舉克倫威爾為護國公遭到失敗，而后他苦于沒有進展解散了長期議院。對內，克倫威爾重組了英國教會，建立了清教，重新接納猶太人到英國來，并支持一定程度上的宗教寬容。對外，他結束了英國和葡萄牙、 荷蘭的戰爭，并和法國結盟對抗西班牙，最終在沙丘戰役中擊敗了西班牙.
In 1658 he was struck by a sudden bout of malarial fever, followed directly by illness of a urinary complaint.He died on 3 September, 1658, When the Royalists returned to power in 1661，Oliver Cromwell’s body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey, and was hung in chains and beheaded. Symbolically, this took place on 30 January; the same date that Charles I had been executed.
1658年，克倫威爾被一次突發的瘧疾高燒襲倒，緊隨高燒而來的是泌尿系統的并發癥。他于1658年9月3日辭世。當1661年保皇黨成員重新掌權后，奧利弗克倫威爾的尸體被人從威斯敏斯特教堂掘出，人們還用鐵鏈吊起他的尸體，并進行“斬首”。 具有象征性意味的是，這發生在1月30日，和查理一世被處死是同一天。
