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The first of these was adopting as his heir, the Spanish general Marcus Ulpianus Trianus.
首先就是收養(yǎng)西班牙將軍馬庫斯·烏爾比斯·特拉揚努斯為繼承人。
Better known as the emperor Trajan. This practice of selecting a qualified adult male, adopting him into the imperial family and grooming him for the job is called co-option.
也就是后來的圖拉真皇帝。這種挑選一個資質(zhì)合格的成年男性，收養(yǎng)進入皇室家庭，培養(yǎng)其成為繼任者。
Co-option was the primary reason for the success of the 5 good emperors because co-option guaranteed an orderly transition of the empire to a worthy successor roman government remained amazingly stable during this time.
叫做共擇和平傳位五賢帝時期之所以獲得統(tǒng)治成功，正是因為這種和平傳位方式保證了皇位繼承上的平穩(wěn)有序過渡，并且能夠傳給有資質(zhì)的人，因此這一時期羅馬政府非常的穩(wěn)定。
In turn good government furthered the good of the Roman Empire and the Roman people.
良好的政府也就帶來了良好的羅馬帝國和羅馬人民。
Sadly the pattern of co-option was broken when the philosopher king Marcus Aurelius left the empire to his biological son Commodus with disastrous results. When Trajan took over the empire in 98 AD he demonstrated strong imperialistic tendencies.
遺憾的是，哲學皇帝馬可·奧勒留將皇位傳給自己的親兒子康茂德，打破了這種共擇傳位方式，也招致了災難后果。公元98年圖拉真接管帝國的時候，他展現(xiàn)出了強烈的帝國主義傾向。
Feeling that the best defense was a strong proactive offense Trajan greatly expanded the empire's boundaries.
圖拉真認為最好的防御就是強有力的先發(fā)制人的供給，因此他極大地擴張了帝國的邊界
He captured Deitia in 106 AD and Mesopotamia by 116 AD.
于公元106年和116年分別攻下了達契亞和美索不達米亞。
Despite his fighting spirit though Trajan exhibited a great deal of tolerance to Romans, even for the otherwise suspicious Christians.
雖然圖拉真斗志高昂，但對于羅馬人卻展現(xiàn)出了極為寬容的態(tài)度，甚至是對可疑的基督徒也非常寬容。
Trajan was followed by two capable administrators; Hadrian, 117 to 138 AD and Anthonius Pius 138 to 161 AD.
圖拉真之后繼位的兩位賢君，哈德良，公元117到138年，和安托尼烏斯披烏斯，公元138到161年。
Hadrian thought that conquests for conquests' sake, was wasteful therefore he withdrew the Roman armies from Mesopotamia.
哈德良認為，為了征服而征服太過揮霍浪費，因此把羅馬軍隊從美索不達米亞撤回。
Instead Hadrian went back to Augustus' theory of follow—of creating easily defensible borders.
繼續(xù)沿用奧古斯都的做法，創(chuàng)造容易防御的邊境。
Hadrian also visited as much of his empire as he possible could, meeting the people he served as emperor and personally directing improvements to the empire's infrastructure.
哈德良也盡可能多地巡訪了羅馬帝國，與他作為皇帝所服務的民眾進行會面，并且親自指導改善羅馬帝國的基礎設施建設。
Anthonius Pius continued his adoptive father's policies in a reign known primarily for being so uneventful.
安托尼烏斯·披烏斯沿襲了他養(yǎng)父的執(zhí)政政策，統(tǒng)治期間各方面都平淡無事。
His adoptive son Marcus Aurelius ruled 161 to 180 AD Marcus followed the same steady approach to government even though he had to spend most of his time fighting barbarians on the frontier.
他的養(yǎng)子，馬可·奧勒留從公元161到180年間執(zhí)政，馬可也采取了同樣的平穩(wěn)執(zhí)政方式，不過他不得不花費大量的時間解決邊境與野蠻人作戰(zhàn)的問題。
