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Actually, that's quite shocking that you found a connection between cannabis and heroin.
事實上，發現大麻和海洛因存在聯系，讓我感到非常的震驚。
The history of cannabis exposure produces a tolerance-like effect where they're less sensitive to the drug and that carries over to heroin.
長期使用大麻會產生一種類似耐藥性的效果，老鼠再接觸藥物時，它們的敏感度會降低。接觸海洛因時亦如此。
So they need a bigger dose to get the same effect.
因此，為了獲得從前那樣的快感，它們需要更多的劑量。
Tolerance just refers to the amount of a drug required to get you high when used repeatedly.
耐藥性意味著你需要更多劑量的藥物，才能達到相同的效果。
It is not the same as addiction or desire for a drug, which is better measured by the effort made to get it.
它與上癮不同，上癮可以用對毒品的渴望程度衡量。
But if you then go on and in both groups and increase the number of times they have to nose-poke to get the heroin,
但如果你繼續試驗，同時增加兩組老鼠頂鼻子的次數，
in other words increase the price for getting heroin, then the two groups are the same.
也就是提高它們獲得海洛因的難度，你會發現兩組的結果是一樣的。
Steve gradually increases the number of nose-pokes required for one dose of heroin.
史蒂夫逐漸提高老鼠頂鼻子的次數。
As the workload rises, they reach a point, around 75 nose-pokes where both groups give up and stop working for the heroin.
老鼠頂的次數越來越多，最終到大約75次左右，兩組老鼠就都不再頂了，停止獲取海洛因。
So with increased effort, the effect between the two groups disappeared.
所以提高次數之后，這兩組老鼠獲取海洛因的代價是相同的。
Dr. Steve Goldberg: That's true.
是這樣的。
This shows there's no difference in the drive to get heroin between rats who have had cannabis and rats who have not.
這顯示了使用大麻的老鼠，和未使用的老鼠對海洛因的需求欲望是一樣的。
So what's the human implication?
這對人類來說意味著什么？
The human implication basically says that you don't have enduring biological changes that occur because of the cannabis exposure,
這意味著，基本上，吸大麻不意味會上癮，
that predetermine that you're going to go on and become addicted to other hard drugs.
也不會促使你尋找更烈性的毒品，這種持續的生物學變化不會發生。
It says it's more of a social and historical thing that drives it.
吸毒成癮，更可能是由于社會或歷史的原因。
As ever, the picture is more complicated than a chemical switch in the brain.
現實情況從來比大腦中化學物質轉換更加復雜。
It seems it's more likely to be your peer group or life-stresses such as unemployment or the end of a relationship,
看起來，像失業或離婚這樣的生活壓力或同輩壓力，
that lead people from cannabis on to harder drugs.
更可能讓人們從大麻轉向更強烈的毒品。
Yet there's another accusation levelled at cannabis.
然而，人們對大麻還有另一種看法。
That it triggers one of the most severe of all mental disorders.
就是大麻會導致所有精神疾病中最嚴重的一種病。
Permanent psychosis, or schizophrenia.
即永久性精神病，也就是精神分裂癥。
This is our family.
這是我的家庭。
This is Mark who's 28.
這是馬克，他28歲。
Natalie who's 25.
娜蒂莉25歲。
This is Paul who's 19, and this is his twin, Melissa.
這是保羅，19歲。這是他妹妹梅麗莎。他們倆是龍鳳胎。
And, as far as we know, none of them suffer from any mental illness of any kind.
據我們所知，他們都不患有任何類型的精神病。
So we think that, it's most probably the cannabis which has caused the difficulties with Paul.
所以我們認為，保羅的問題很大程度是大麻導致的。
