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The acquisition of an empire for empires sake
這種為了帝國本身而成為帝國的行為
became known as imperialism. The terms imperialism
就稱為帝國主義，雖然"帝國主義"和
and imperialist were new but the concept as we will
"帝國主義者"是兩個新詞，但這一概念
see was not new. The US and its allies called the
由來已久，美國及其同盟將蘇聯(lián)
Soviets and their allies imperialists and vice versa
稱為帝國主義者，而蘇聯(lián)反過來也這樣
and to a certain extent both sides were right.
稱呼美國，從某種意義上講，雙方都正確
Manifest destiny and nationalism.
另一點是天定命運論和民族主義
Another justification for empire is when a nation
帝國存在的合理性的另一個論據(jù)就是
considers itself divinely or historically destined to
有些國家認(rèn)為自己是神圣的，命中注定要
achieve greatness. The term I will use in this class
開創(chuàng)新時代，這里我要用到的概念就是
is manifest destiny, invented in the 1840's to justify
"天定命運論" 這一概念出現(xiàn)在19世紀(jì)
the United States' westward expansion into territory
40年代，目的是為美國向西爭奪墨西哥
held by Mexico, Great Britain and Russia.
英國和俄羅斯控制的領(lǐng)土尋找合適的借口
Of course most nations however bad they have it
當(dāng)然，大多數(shù)國家不論實際情況如何
believe that god or the gods are strongly in their
都相信上帝是站在自己一邊的
corner. The most rabidly atheist nations in history;
歷史上最推崇無神論的兩個國家
the Soviet Union and Red China, have believed just
蘇聯(lián)和新中國也同樣堅信
as firmly that history as interpreted by Karl Marx
根據(jù)馬克思極其繼承者們的闡述
and his intellectual heirs is strongly in their corner
歷史也是站在自己一邊的
Often this big nation needs more natural resources
通常一個大國需要更多的自然資源
to fulfill its destiny or it needs more room for its
來達(dá)到自己的目的，或者需要更多的
growing population or it needs both.
土地來養(yǎng)活不斷增長的人口
The nation's manifest destiny becomes an excuse to
天定命運論成為了大國不惜代價
acquire and rule territory whatever the cost.
獲得并統(tǒng)治殖民地的借口
Land which belonged either to nobody or to nobody
那些不屬于任何人或不屬于任何文明的土地
civilized was regarded as quote unquote 'terra nullius',
被稱作"未被任何國家并入轄區(qū)的區(qū)域"
nobodies land, and could be taken at will. Sometimes
這些土地可以被任意占有，有時另一個國家
another nation claimed possession of the terra nullius
也聲稱對這些土地?fù)碛兄鳈?quán)，那么
and then they had to fight to see who got it.
兩國就通過戰(zhàn)爭爭奪這片土地
An important part of manifest destiny is nationalism.
天定命運論的一個重要組成部分就是
Nationalism holds that human civilization can be
民族主義，即人類文明可以以民族為單位
broken up into units called nations which basically
進行劃分，民族由擁有同樣的起源和
consists of people having a similar origin and a
共同文化的人們組成
similar unifying culture. Supposedly each nation
理論上，每個民族都應(yīng)該擁有
should have its own state; this is in fact the rule
自己的國家，而這一原則至今仍然如此
today. The United States is home to the
美國是美利堅民族的國家
American Nation. Russia is home to the Russian Nation
俄羅斯是俄羅斯族人的國家
and so on, or at least theoretically. The Soviet Union
至少理論上是這樣，蘇聯(lián)作為一個國家
was a nation only to the extent that it was unified by
只能說是由共產(chǎn)主義團結(jié)起來的
communism. In 1991 it collapsed when various nations
1991年蘇聯(lián)解體，烏克蘭，白俄羅斯
like the Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Latvia and so on
格魯吉亞和拉脫維亞等國相繼
succeeded from it. The remainder of the Soviet Union
宣告獨立，蘇聯(lián)余下的部分現(xiàn)在稱自己為
now calls itself the Russian Federation, even though
俄羅斯聯(lián)邦，盡管俄羅斯聯(lián)邦認(rèn)為自己
the Russian Federation considers itself representative
代表的是俄羅斯民族
of a Russian Nation it still incorporates a number of
它依舊包括了其他非俄羅斯民族
non Russian people speaking non Russian languages
他們不說俄語
in their non Russian cultures.
也不屬于俄羅斯文化
Just what is a nation? It's hard to say sometimes.
什么是民族，什么是國家，有時很難說
Nationalism claims particular virtues for a given
民族主義認(rèn)為，某個國家
nation and assumes particular responsibilities.
肩負(fù)著特殊的責(zé)任
Rome believed it had a mission to civilize the world.
羅馬認(rèn)為自己肩負(fù)帶領(lǐng)世界走向文明的責(zé)任
Russia believed it had a mission to civilize the world
俄國認(rèn)為自己肩負(fù)帶領(lǐng)世界走向文明的責(zé)任
As did the Soviet Union, as does the United States,
蘇聯(lián)，美國也是如此
at least sometimes. I personally would say that
至少是有時如此，我個人認(rèn)為
nationalism is basically a neutral concept.
民族主義是一個中性的概念。
