As the popular slogan states, "reading is fundamental."

正如那句諺語說的，“閱讀是基礎(chǔ)。”

But for many kids with dyslexia, learning to read is a struggle.

但對于那些有閱讀障礙的孩子來說，學(xué)習(xí)閱讀是種挑戰(zhàn)。

Simply put, children with reading disorders have trouble recognizing words and letters on the page.

簡單的說，有閱讀障礙的孩子是很難識(shí)別書本上的單詞和字母的。

And although reading difficulty has been studied for over 100 years, scientists have never determined a specific cause.

盡管科學(xué)家們針對這個(gè)問題已經(jīng)研究了100多年，但還是沒能給出一個(gè)確切的原因。

Over the past twenty years, however, researchers have made significant strides.

在過去的20年中，科研人員們已經(jīng)取得了重大進(jìn)步。

Many agree that the disorder can be best explained by understanding the mechanics of reading.

他們中的很多都同意如果閱讀的機(jī)制被理解的話，閱讀障礙就能被解讀。

When a child learns to read, she begins to associate the shapes of letters with sounds, and then string the sounds together to form words.

當(dāng)一個(gè)孩子學(xué)著去閱讀的時(shí)候，她首先會(huì)把單詞的形狀跟讀音聯(lián)系起來，然后再將這些讀音拼到一起組合成新單詞。

When a learning reader sees the letters C-A-T on the page, she begins by recognizing that the letter "C" makes a "kuh" sound, A makes an "ahh" sound, and so on.

當(dāng)一個(gè)初學(xué)者看到書本上的單詞C-A-T時(shí)，她首先會(huì)注意到字母"C"發(fā)"kuh"的音，字母”A”發(fā) "ahh"的音。

These basic sounds are called phonemes, and the ability to manipulate them is called phonological awareness.

這些基本的發(fā)音叫做音素，而運(yùn)用音素的能力叫做語音認(rèn)知。

Many researches now believe that for children with reading disorders, the problem has to do with impaired phonological awareness.

現(xiàn)在，很多研究人員認(rèn)為，對于那些有閱讀障礙的孩子來說，這些問題與削弱語音意識(shí)有關(guān)。

Such children may know what a cat is and be able to describe it in detail, but when it comes to sounding out the written word "CAT" the parts of their brains responsible for processing phonemes just don't work as well as they should.

這樣的孩子會(huì)知道貓長什么樣兒，甚至能夠很細(xì)致地去描述，但是當(dāng)看到"CAT"一詞讀出來時(shí)，他們大腦中負(fù)責(zé)處理音素的部分反應(yīng)地就沒那么快了。

Many reading disorders seem to have nothing to do with intelligence.

許多閱讀障礙似乎與智力因素是無關(guān)的。

Albert Einstein was dyslexic, and he turned out to be pretty bright.

Albert Einstein就有閱讀障礙，但事實(shí)證明他很聰明。

The good news is that with proper training, nearly all children can learn to read with proficiency.

令人欣慰的是，適當(dāng)?shù)挠?xùn)練幾乎可以讓所有的孩子都能做到熟練地閱讀。

And that, as we know, is fundamental.

那就是，我們所說的，基礎(chǔ)。