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打印8 Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October 1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.
拿破侖很快意識到，他無法在冬天向遠在莫斯科的軍隊供應糧草、提供御寒衣物和宿營之地。1812年10月，他命令大軍撤出莫斯科。
9 The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French. A short distance from Moscow, the temperature had already dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius. On November 3, the winter's first snow came. Exhausted horses fell dead in their tracks. Cannon became stuck in the snow. Equipment had to be burned for fuel. Soldiers took ill and froze to death. The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the dead along every mile.
法軍的撤離成為一場噩夢。俄國人出沒于田野與森林，采用打了就跑的戰術，向法國人發起攻擊。剛出莫斯科城，氣溫就降到攝氏零下4度。11月3日降下初雪。困乏的馬匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。裝備只得被用作燃料焚燒。士兵們染病凍死。法國士兵拖著腳步行進，一路上留下無數死尸。
10 As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the retreating French by burning the bridges over the swollen river. But Napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build two new bridges. Thousands of French soldiers escaped, but at the cost of fifty thousand dead. Once across the Berezina, the tattered survivors limped toward Vilna.
正當俄羅斯軍隊集聚兵力之時，法國人卻不得不逃離俄國，以避免注定的失敗。在別列茲那河，俄國人焚燒了漲水的河道上的橋梁，差點將后撤的法軍困于河邊。僥幸的是，拿破侖居然突擊造起兩座橋。成千上萬法國士兵得以逃脫，但卻損失了5萬人。渡過別列茲拿河，潰不成軍的幸存者一瘸一拐地向維爾紐行進。
11 Of the six hundred thousand soldiers Napoleon had led into Russia, less than one hundred thousand came back. The weakened French army continued its retreat westward across Europe. Soon, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed a powerful alliance and attacked these stragglers. In March 1814, Paris was captured. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end.
拿破侖發兵60萬進入俄國，只有不到10萬士兵返回。元氣大傷的法國軍隊在歐洲繼續西撤。不久，英國、奧地利、俄國以及普魯士組成強大的聯盟，攻擊這些散兵游勇。1814年3月，巴黎被攻占。拿破侖退位去過流放生活，他締造的帝國隨之滅亡。
Hitler's Invasion
12 By early 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, had seized control of most of Europe. To the east of Hitler's German empire was the Soviet Union. On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three months. He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," tactics that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through the Ukraine.
希特勒的入侵
到1941年初，納粹德國元首阿道夫·希特勒已經控制了歐洲大部分地區。希特勒的德意志帝國的東部與蘇聯毗鄰。1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而戰，入侵蘇聯，發動了歷史上規模最大的一場陸地戰役。希特勒自信能速戰速決，預計這一戰役不會超過3個月。他計劃采用征服了歐洲其余地區的閃電式戰略。入侵計劃包含三大目標：向列寧格勒與莫斯科進攻，并橫掃烏克蘭。
13 Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders. Farms and factories were burned, destroyed, or rendered useless. During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more than a million casualties.
蘇聯領導人約瑟夫·斯大林被打了個措手不及，他指示全國人民在德國入侵者到來之前實行“焦土”政策。農場和工廠被焚燒毀壞，或被弄得無法運轉。在入侵的最初10個星期內，德國人一路東進，俄國人傷亡人數多達一百多萬。
14 In the north, the Germans closed in on Leningrad. Despite great suffering, however, the people of Leningrad refused to surrender. As the battle of Leningrad dragged on into winter, the city's situation became desperate. As food ran out, people died from hunger and disease. By the middle of the winter of 1941-1942, nearly four thousand people starved to death every day. Close to one million people died as a result of the siege.
在北方，德國人包圍了列寧格勒。盡管忍受著極大困苦，列寧格勒的人民絕不投降。列寧格勒保衛戰一直持續到冬季，此時該市的處境變得危急。由于食品匱乏，人們死于饑餓與疾病。到了1941年和1942年之間的寒冬，幾乎每天有4千人死于饑餓。列寧格勒之圍造成近百萬人死亡。
