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CRI實用英語課堂 Unit 20:American Movies II 美國電影 2

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20世紀(jì)福斯電影公司 (20th Century-Fox Film Corp.)

Established in 1994 as the independent arm of Twentieth Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures is a filmmaker-oriented company, creating distinctive films helmed by world-class auteurs and exciting newcomers. By blending specialty releases with trademark arthouse fare, Fox Searchlight's leadership has solidified its position in the independent film marketplace.

This year, Fox Searchlight Pictures kicked off April with Cedric the Entertainer's first starring vehicle, JOHNSON FAMILY VACATION, which hits the road with an all star cast that includes Bow Wow, Vanessa Williams, Shannon Elizabeth, Solange Knowles and Steve Harvey. In June, moviegoers met NAPOLEON DYNAMITE, some sweet moon boots, and skills that can't be topped. The film, which premiered at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival, also opened the US Comedy Arts Film Festival, where it was awarded Best Feature.

成立于1935年5月,由默片時代的大公司福斯電影公司和20世紀(jì)影片公司合并而成,是30-40年代好柒塢8家大電影公司之一。當(dāng)時公司擁有導(dǎo)演E.劉別謙、E.卡善、O.普雷明格等人,并擁有不少受觀眾歡迎的電影明星,如S.鄧波兒、L.楊、H.方達、G.佩克等,他們曾拍攝了一些有一定質(zhì)量的影片。這一時期,公司生產(chǎn)的影片樣式不一,藝術(shù)質(zhì)量也參差不齊,但影片的技術(shù)質(zhì)量都比較高。 t940年J.福特為公司導(dǎo)演的《怒火之花》可作為藝術(shù)與技術(shù)質(zhì)量俱佳的例子。從50年代開始,美國電影業(yè)進入衰退時期。該公司為了與新興的電視抗衡,曾致力于研究寬銀幕在商業(yè)上的應(yīng)用。1953年9月16日根據(jù)圣經(jīng)故事改編拍攝的寬銀幕故事片《長袍》在紐約羅克亞影院上映,這第一部寬銀幕故事片不僅是該公司成立以來最賺錢的影片,也是電影從默片進入有聲片以來在技術(shù)上的一次突破。60年代,攝制了美國電影史上成本空前的影片《克婁巴特拉》(1963,一譯《埃及艷后》),遭到失敗。1972年又推出《海神號遇險記》,開創(chuàng)了泛濫于70年代的災(zāi)難 片樣式。70年代后期,該公司拍片很少。1981年大石油商M.戴維斯買下了這家公司。

哥倫比亞影業(yè)公司 (Columbia Pictures Corp.)

American motion-picture studio that became a major Hollywood studio under its longtime president, Harry Cohn. Columbia originated in 1920 when Cohn, Joe Brandt, and Harry's brother Jack Cohn founded the C.B.C. Sales Film Corporation to produce shorts and low-budget westerns and comedies. In an attempt to refurbish the studio's reputation, its name was changed to Columbia.

Columbia TriStar Films Pty Ltd is an affiliate of Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International, a Sony Pictures Entertainment company. Sony Pictures Entertainments global operation includes motion picture production and distribution of filmed entertainment in 67 countries around the world.

Columbia TriStar Films Australia is responsible for the theatrical distribution of feature films within the Australian marketplace. Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment is an affiliate of Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment International, a Sony Pictures Entertainment company. Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment is one of the oldest and largest Hollywood based film studios. We have one of the largest back catalogues with a library of over 4,000 film and television products. Columbia TriStar also has an enviable record of success having won more Academy Awards than any other studio.

Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment is responsible for distribution of video entertainment products. This includes Rental and Retail of VHS & DVD product.

1920年,原來在環(huán)球影片公司工作的H.科恩、J.科恩兩兄弟和J.布蘭特在好萊塢成立了一家攝制喜劇短片的小公司,名叫CBC電影銷售公司。1924年改名為哥倫比亞影片公司,并于30年代發(fā)展成為美國電影業(yè)的8家大公司之一,這主要是由于H. 科恩的精明強干和公司導(dǎo)演F.卡普拉的創(chuàng)作才能起了作用??ㄆ绽诠竟ぷ?0年,拍攝了不少頗受歡迎的喜劇,其中包括《一夜風(fēng)流>(1934)、《弟斯先生進城》(1936)、《史密斯先生上華盛頓>(1939)等。50年代,哥倫比亞公司開始采用對獨立制片人和導(dǎo)演資助的辦法拍攝影片。公司先后資助一些頗有名氣的導(dǎo)演人拍片,如:S.施皮格爾、D.里恩、O.普雷明格、E.卡善、R.羅森和F.齊納曼,拍出了不少質(zhì)量高、影響大的影片,如《生于昨天》(1950)、《永垂不朽》(1953)、《在江邊》(1954)、《桂河大橋》(1957)、《阿拉伯的勞倫斯》(1962)、《猜猜誰來吃晚餐》(1967)等。50-60年代的美國電影危機年代,哥倫比亞公司通過它的子公司銀幕珍品公司向電視臺出售公司以前的舊片并為電視臺攝制電視片,成為好萊塢最早與電視結(jié)合的大公司之一。1968年公司改組,改名為哥倫比亞影片工業(yè)公司,下屬兩個主要分支機構(gòu)哥倫比亞影片公司和銀幕珍品公司,繼續(xù)從事對獨立制片的投資、電視片攝制和新興的錄像帶工業(yè)。80年代該公司附屬于美國可口可樂公司。

華納兄弟影業(yè)公司 (Warner Bros.)

WARNER BROS. ENTERTAINMENT, a fully integrated, broad-based entertainment company, is a global leader in the creation, production, distribution, licensing and marketing of all forms of entertainment and their related businesses. Warner Bros. Entertainment, a Time Warner Company, stands at the forefront of every aspect of the entertainment industry, from feature films to television, home video/DVD, animation, comic books, interactive entertainment and games, product and brand licensing, international cinemas and broadcasting.

In addition to its long-standing position as the industry's preeminent creator and distributor of feature films, television programs, animation, video and DVD, Warner Bros. Studios has also become one of the foremost authorities on utilizing licensing and merchandising to grow and reinforce its brands, on pioneering new forms of distribution, and on marshaling its vast creative and business resources to build world-renowned entertainment franchises that become appreciating assets in its unrivaled library.

One of the most respected, diversified and successful motion picture and television studios in the world, Warner Bros. Studios began when the brothers Warner (Albert, Sam, Harry and Jack L.) incorporated their fledgling movie company on April 4, 1923. In 1927, the release of the world's first synchronized-sound feature film, "The Jazz Singer," set a character and tone of innovation and influence that would become synonymous with the name Warner Bros. And--as Al Jolson foretold in this milestone movie--"you ain't heard nothin' yet!"

Since those early days, Warner Bros. Studios has amassed an impressive legacy based on world-class quality entertainment and technological foresight, and created a diversified entertainment company with an unparalleled depth and breadth that has resulted in 20 consecutive record-breaking years. Its unmatched consistency and success is built on a foundation of stable management throughout its history (especially by entertainment industry standards), long-term creative relationships with many of the world's leading stars and producers, and an unwavering dedication to excellence.

Today, the vast Warner Bros. library, considered one of the best and largest in the world, consists of more than 6,600 feature films, 40,000 television titles and 14,000 animated titles (including over 1,500 classic animated shorts). The library currently consists of film from such distinguished banners as Warner Bros. Pictures, Castle Rock, Lorimar Pictures, RKO and classic MGM (pre-1986).

1923年4月由華納4兄弟創(chuàng)建。當(dāng)時總部設(shè)在紐約,制片廠設(shè)在好萊塢附近的伯班克。華納兄弟1917年開始在紐約從事電影的發(fā)行放映業(yè)務(wù),建立華納公司攝制影片是業(yè)務(wù)的擴展。1925年接管維泰葛拉夫制片公司,并于1927年攝制、發(fā)行電影史上第一部有聲影片《爵士歌手》,從而使華納公司于30年代初進入了好萊塢8大電影公司的行列。華納公司在30年代以拍攝強盜片、歌舞片和傳記片著稱,尤以E.G.魯賓遜、J. 賈克奈、H.鮑嘉等人主演的強盜片最有觀眾。傳記片中也有不少受歡迎的作品,如P.茂尼主演的《左拉傳》(1937)等。華納的影片一般都比較樸素、緊湊,成本也較低,其主題都或多或少與30年代初發(fā)生的美國經(jīng)濟危機有聯(lián)系。50年代美國電影蕭條時期,華納把財力轉(zhuǎn)向制作電視系列片。60年代開始,越來越多地采用向獨立制片人投資的制片方式。它成功地拍攝了《窈窕淑女》(1964)、《誰害伯弗吉尼亞.沃爾夫》(1966)、《邦妮和克萊德》(1967)等。1967年加拿大發(fā)行電視片的七藝公司買下了華納公司,改名為華納—七藝公 司。兩年后,華納—七藝公司又轉(zhuǎn)讓到一個大企業(yè)集團金尼全國服務(wù)公司手中,改組為華納交流公司。這個公司經(jīng)營的業(yè)務(wù)范圍甚廣,制片和發(fā)行影片僅是其中的一個項目。

米高梅公司 (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)

The name is taken from the three companies that formed a corporate merger to create MGM Studios in 1924; Metro Picture Corporation (formed in 1915), Goldwyn Picture Corporation (1917), and Louis B. Mayer Pictures (1918), under the control of movie theater magnate Marcus Loew. Louis B. Mayer became the studio boss, and Irving Thalberg, the "Boy Wonder", was head of production. They took on the motto Ars Gratia Artis (Art for Art's Sake) and their trademark lion, "Leo" in 1928 (who had been born in captivity in Dublin Zoo in Ireland).

For many years, the MGM Lion was the live-action mascot for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, appearing in the opening MGM logo sequence to every movie produced by the studio. The cartoon version of the MGM Lion appears in the Tom and Jerry theatrical animated cartoon; Jerry and the Lion. Under Mayer's and Thalberg's management, MGM Studios became the largest film company in Hollywood (although they were actually located in Culver City) by the mid-1930s. In this era, they produced a number of classic films, including Grand Hotel and the Tarzan series, and made stars out of Greta Garbo and Joan Crawford, among others. Thalberg was removed from his position as head of production in 1932, after disputes with Mayer and Schenck, and subsequently suffering a heart attack; at that point, Mayer started bringing in independent producers (notably David O. Selznick) to cover the studio's output. When Thalberg returned the next year, he was reduced to nothing more than a unit producer.

After Thalberg's death in 1936, Mayer had full control of the day-to-day production duties of the studio, and MGM's output progressed from the literary works Thalberg had preferred to the crowd-pleasers Mayer preferred. Between 1936 and the start of World War II, MGM produced a number of now-classic films, including Gone With the Wind and The Wizard of Oz. During the war, MGM threw itself head-first into war support; many MGM stars helped sell war bonds and performed at USO shows, and a few MGM personnel (notably James Stewart and Clark Gable) enlisted. During this time, MGM also became involved in the animation business. Their animation department started in the late 1930s, when Hugh Harman and Rudolph Ising came over from Warner Bros. Later on, MGM became home to Tex Avery (who joined them in 1941 after a dispute with Warners producer Leon Schlesinger).

Tex produced a number of famous shorts at MGM, including Red-Hot Riding Hood, Swing Shift Cinderella, and the Droopy series. MGM's biggest cartoon stars, however, were the cat-and-mouse duo of Tom and Jerry. Created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, Tom and Jerry won MGM several Oscars and nominations.

After the war, MGM underwent a sea change, and started primarily producing musicals. Most of the great stars of song and dance worked for MGM at the time, including Judy Garland, Fred Astaire, Gene Kelly, and Frank Sinatra. Many of these musicals were successes, but by 1948, the studio was being hit by cost overruns (stemming from the huge budgets given to every picture, even the lackluster ones), and the mismanagement was causing a noticeable drop in quality. No MGM productions won Oscars between 1946 and 1948. This caused the old feud between Mayer and Schenck to flare up; it seemed Mayer was spending more time tending to his herd of thoroughbred race horses than the day-to-day operations of the studio. Schenck ordered Mayer to sell the horses, bring costs under control once again, and hire a "new Thalberg". Writer and producer Dore Schary was hired for this job, and almost immediately the conflicts began. Mayer's taste for wholesomeness and "beautiful" movies went completely against Schary's desire for message pictures and gritty realism. In August 1951, after having sparred with Schary over several of his pet projects, Mayer was fed up; he called the head office and said, "It's either him, or me." Jumping at the chance to fire his arch-rival, Schenck picked Schary, ousting Mayer from the post he'd held for 27 years. An embittered Mayer later attempted an unsuccessful corporate takeover of the studio, but mainly stayed out of the public eye until his death in 1957.

Despite the chaos, MGM was able to keep the studio running through the early 1950s. Under Schary's watch, MGM produced some of their best-regarded musicals (An American in Paris, Singin' in the Rain, Show Boat). MGM also started releasing movies in the CinemaScope format (licensed from Fox) to compete with the the up and coming television phenomenon. However, MGM also lost one of their biggest stars when they released Judy Garland from her contract in 1950.

1924年5月17日,美國洛氏公司的老板M.洛把該公司所屬的米特羅影片公司和高爾溫影片公司、L.B.梅耶制片公司合并,組成米高梅公司。30年代好萊塢鼎盛時期,米高梅公司是最大的電影公司,每年要生產(chǎn)40—50部影片。米高梅在這一時期擁有美國最受觀眾歡迎的影星和導(dǎo)演,影星如G.嘉寶、C.蓋博、J.哈羅、S.屈賽、R.泰勒、J.克勞馥、N.希拉等等,導(dǎo)演如E.von斯特勞亨、K.維多、F.朗格、G.顧柯、V.弗萊明等等。從30年代到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束,米高梅攝制了數(shù)以百計的影片,除了少數(shù)影片如《塊肉余生》、《叛艦喋血記》(1935)、《茶花女》(1939)、《忠勇之家》(1942)、《雙城記》等之外,90%為平庸之作,內(nèi)容淺薄、脫離現(xiàn)實,往往千篇一律地以虛構(gòu)的故事、美滿的結(jié)尾,配上受觀眾歡迎的大明星和較高的攝制技巧去招徠觀眾。米高梅公司日復(fù)一日地象工廠生產(chǎn)工業(yè)品的流水裝配線那樣大量生產(chǎn)這種影片,為好萊塢贏得“夢幻工廠”的“美名”出了大力。40年代末到50年代初,米高梅曾一度以拍攝大場面歌舞片為重點,生產(chǎn)了幾部頗有特色的歌舞片,如《雨中曲》(1952)等。50年代美國電影業(yè)發(fā)生危機,到60年代初該公司連年虧損,影片產(chǎn)量逐年下降,到70年代初至80年代每年只拍三、四部影片。70年代初,美國拉斯韋加斯的大資本家K.克科里安買下了米高梅公司。新的主管人員把米高梅公司的道具服裝等統(tǒng)統(tǒng)拍賣出去,并把資金投入拉斯韋加斯、里諾等賭城的房地產(chǎn)、旅館業(yè)和其他能獲利的方面。到70年代末米高梅公司又再度繁榮,但制片卻只是這個公司的廣泛業(yè)務(wù)范圍之一,1981年米高梅公司出資買下聯(lián)美公司,改名為米高梅—聯(lián)美娛樂公司。

Motion Pictures Rating System美國的電影評級系統(tǒng)

This Code is designed to keep in close harmony with the mores, culture, the moral sense and change in our society.

The objectives of the Code are:

1. To encourage artistic expression by expanding creative freedom.

2. To assure that the freedom which encourages the artist remains responsible

and sensitive to the standards of the larger society.

Censorhip is an odious enterprise. We oppose censorship and classification by governments because they are alien to the American tradition of freedom.

Much of this nation's strength and purpose is drawn from the premise that the humblest of citizens has the freedom of his own choice. Censorship destroys this freedom of choice.

It is within this framework that the Motion Picture Association continues to recognize its obligation to the society of which it is an integral part. In our society parents are the arbiters of family conduct. Parents have the primary responsibility to guide their children in the kinds of lives they lead, the character they build, the books they read, and the movies and other entertainment to which they are exposed.

The creators of motion pictures undertake a responsibility to make available pertinent information about their pictures which will assist parents to fulfill their responsibilities.

But this alone is not enough. In further recognition of our obligation to the public, and most especially to parents, we have extended the Code operation to include a nationwide voluntary film rating program which has as its prime objective a sensitive concern for children. Motion Pictures will be reviewed by a Code and Rating Administration which, when it reviews a motion picture as to its conformity with the standards of the Code, will issue ratings. It is our intent that all motion pictures exhibited in the United States will carry a rating. These rating are:

(G) SUGGESTED FOR GENERAL AUDIENCES
This category includes motion pictures that in the opinion of the Code and Rating Administration would be acceptable for all audiences, without consideration of age.

(M) SUGGESTED FOR MATURE AUDIENCES - ADULTS & MATURE YOUNG PEOPLE
This category includes motion pictures that in the opinion of the Code and Rating Administration, because of their theme, content and treatment, might require more mature judgment by viewers, and about which parents should exercise their discretion.

(R) RESTRICTED PERSONS UNDER 16 NOT ADMITTED UNLESS ACCOMPANIED BY PARENTS OR ADULT GUARDIAN
This category includes motion pictures that in the opinion of the Code and Rating Administration, because of their theme, content or treatment, should not be presented to persons under 16 unless accompanied by a parent or adult guardian.

(X) PERSONS UNDER 16 NOT ADMITTED
This category includes motion pictures submitted to the Code and Rating Administration which in the opinion of the Code and Rating Administration are rated (X) because of the treatment of sex, violence, crime or profanity. Pictures rated (X) do not qualify for a Code Seal. Pictures rated (X) should not be presented to persons under 16.

The program contemplates that any distributors outside the membership of the Association who choose not to submit their motion pictures to the Code and Rating Administration will self-apply the (X) rating. The ratings and their meanings will be conveyed by advertising; by displays at the theaters; and in other ways. Thus, audiences, especially parents, will be alerted to the theme, content, and treatment of movies. Therefore, parents can determine whether a particular picture is one which children should see at the discretion of the parent; or only when accompanied by a parent; or should not see.

We believe self-restraint, self-regulation, to be in the American tradition. The results of self-discipline are always imperfect because that is the nature of all things mortal. But this Code, and its administration, will make clear that freedom of expression does not mean toleration of license.

In furtherance of the objectives of the Code to accord with the mores, the culture, and the moral sense of our society, the principles stated above and the following standards will govern the Administrator in his consideration of motion pictures submitted for Code approval:

The basic dignity and value of human life shall be respected and upheld. Restraint shall be exercised in portraying the taking of life. Evil, sin, crime and wrong-doing shall not be justified. Special restraint shall be exercised in portraying criminal or anti-social activities in which minors participate or are involved. Detailed and protracted acts of brutality, cruelty, physical violence, torture and abuse shall not be presented. Indecent or undue exposure of the human body shall not be presented. Illicit sex relationships shall not be justified. Intimate sex scenes violating common standards of decency shall not be portrayed. Restraint and care shall be exercised in presentations dealing with sex aberrations. Obscene speech, gestures or movements shall not be presented. Undue profanity shall not be permitted. Religion shall not be demeaned. Words or symbols contemptuous of racial, religious or national groups, shall not be used so as to incite bigotry or hatred. Excessive cruelty to animals shall not be portrayed and animals shall not be treated inhumanely.

美國的MPAA,它的全稱為"The Motion Picture Association of America"即"美國電影協(xié)會",總部設(shè)在加利福尼亞(Encino,California )。這個組織成立于1922年,最初是作為電影工業(yè)的一個交易組織而出現(xiàn)的。如今它涉足的領(lǐng)域不僅有在影院上映的電影,還有電視、家庭攝影(home video)以及未來有可能會出現(xiàn)的其他傳送系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域。

美國電影協(xié)會的會員主要由美國最大的七家電影和電視傳媒巨頭的主席和總裁共同擔(dān)任。他們是:迪斯尼公司(Walt Disney Company),索尼聲像(Sony Pictures Entertainment, Inc.),Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc.,派拉蒙公司(Paramount Pictures Corporation) ,21世紀(jì)福克斯公司(Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.),環(huán)球影像(Universal Studios, Inc.) ,華納兄弟(Warner Bros. ) 。

從1968年以來,美國電影協(xié)會對所有美國電影都實施評級系統(tǒng)管理。當(dāng)前,電影評級系統(tǒng)評價一部電影是屬于哪個級別,主要依據(jù)以下幾個指標(biāo):電影的主題、電影中暴力、色情、藥物濫用等內(nèi)容、電影中的語言等。經(jīng)過1968年、1984年和1990年修改后,現(xiàn)行的電影評級系統(tǒng)將所有電影分為5級,即G級、PG級、PG13級、R級和NC-17級。具體含義如下:

·G級:(GENERAL AUDIENCES All ages admitted.)大眾級,適合所有年齡段的人觀看--該級別的電影內(nèi)容可以被父母接受,影片沒有裸體、性愛場面,吸毒和暴力場面非常少。對話也是日常生活中可以經(jīng)常接觸到的;

·PG級:( PARENTAL GUIDANCE SUGGESTED Some material may not be suitable for children.)普通級,建議在父母的陪伴下觀看,有些鏡頭可能讓兒童產(chǎn)生不適感.-- 該級別的電影基本沒有性愛、吸毒和裸體場面,即使有時間也很短,此外,恐怖和暴力場面不會超出適度的范圍;

·PG-13級:(PARENTS STRONGLY CAUTIONED Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13. )普通級,但不適于13歲以下兒童.特別輔導(dǎo)級,13歲以下兒童尤其要有父母陪同觀看,一些內(nèi)容對兒童很不適宜--該級別的電影沒有粗野的持續(xù)暴力鏡頭,一般沒有裸體鏡頭,有時會有吸毒鏡頭和臟話;

·R級:(RESTRICTED Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian.)限制級,17歲以下必須由父母或者監(jiān)護陪伴才能觀看.--該級別的影片包含成人內(nèi)容,里面有較多的性愛、暴力、吸毒等場面和臟話;

·NC-17級:(NO ONE 17 AND UNDER ADMITTED )17歲或者以下不可觀看--該級別的影片被定為成人影片。影片中有清楚的性愛場面,大量的吸毒或暴力鏡頭以及臟話等。

另補充幾種特殊的分級:

·NR OR U:NR是屬于未經(jīng)定級的電影,而U是針對1968年以前的電影定的級。

·M,X OR P:這一級中的電影基本上不適合在大院線里公映,都屬于限制類的。

美國電影協(xié)會之所以實施電影評級系統(tǒng),目的非常簡單,就是在觀看影片之前提前提供給父母一些有關(guān)電影內(nèi)容的信息,讓父母能夠決定讓他們的孩子看哪些影片,不看哪些影片。所以電影評級系統(tǒng)對兒童青少年的保護作用的實現(xiàn)主要在于父母是否能夠很好的履行他們的責(zé)任。如果家長對孩子看什么電影并不關(guān)心,電影評級系統(tǒng)就不會產(chǎn)生效果。

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inflation [in'fleiʃən]

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n. 膨脹,通貨膨脹

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recognize ['rekəgnaiz]

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vt. 認出,認可,承認,意識到,表示感激

 
protracted [prə'træktid]

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adj. 延長的,拖延的

 
permitted

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adj. 被允許的 v. 允許(permit的過去分詞)

 
fledgling ['fledʒliŋ]

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n. 剛會飛的幼鳥,尚缺乏經(jīng)驗的人

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symbols ['simbəls]

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n. 符號;象征;標(biāo)志;符號表(symbol的復(fù)數(shù))

 
impressive [im'presiv]

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adj. 給人深刻印象的

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n. 濫用,惡習(xí)
vt. 濫用,辱罵,虐待

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refurbish [ri:'fə:biʃ]

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vt. 再磨光,刷新,擦亮

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voting ['vəutiŋ]

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n. 投票 動詞vote的現(xiàn)在分詞形式

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